Estimation from various sources

Figure 8.1 Diagrammatic model of the global carbon cycle. Questions marks indicate that no estimates are available. Figures are in units of lO tonnes of contained carbon but estimates from various sources sometimes differ by factors of 3 or more. The diagram is based on one by B. Bolin modified to include more recent data. ...

Table 9.2 Estimated fuel properties for 6-number estimates (from various sources)...

A burning rate of common materials and products in fire can only be specifically and accurately established through measurement. Estimates from various sources are listed in Table 9.4. Also, oxygen consumption calorimeters are used to measure the energy release rate of complex fuel packages directly. In most cases, the results are a combination of effects ignition, spread and burning rate. 

The apparent solubilities and average diffusivities, S and D, for CO2 and CH in a number of glassy polymers at 30"C and 20 atm are shown in Table I. The values reported for cellulose acetate were estimated from various sources in the literature (., 6,37). In the case of cellulose acetate where C02 plasticization is apparently significant, it was assumed that the CH4 permeability in CO2/CH4 mixtures will increase by at least the same percentage as the CO2 permeability. This assumption seems reasonable since the plasticized matrix becomes more rubber-like and less discriminating for penetrants of different sizes and shapes (see Figure 1). 

Table 1.1 World and USA production of plastics materials (Much of the earlier data are based on long tons later data are in tonnes. The USA figures are based on estimates published in Modern Plastics, apart from those for 1967, which are from US government sources. The global figures are from various sources, with the 1992 figure being based on RAPRA statistics.)...

The cost data given in Figures 6.3 to 6.7, and Table 6.2 have been compiled from various sources. They can be used to make preliminary estimates. The base date is mid-2004, and the prices are thought to be accurate to within 25 per cent. 

See introductory remarks in Section I.A.4 of Chapter 7. The IR vibration frequencies of compounds MH4 and MeMER were calculated ab initio for the metallic elements of group IVb and compared with experimental data from various sources. No experimental data exist for PbER or MePbER, however, these were estimated from a correction made on the values of SnER and MeSnEE, respectively. Estimated strong bands may be helpful for identification of compounds in the gas phase for example, at ca 650 and 1830 cm-1 for PbELt and at ca 660 and 1790 cm-1 for MePbER143. 

Emission factors have been estimated for the release of trace metals to water from various source categories and these have been used to estimate inputs of these metals into the aquatic ecosystem. The global anthropogenic input of nickel into the aquatic ecosystem for 1983 is estimated to be between 33 and 194 million kg/year with a median value of 113 million kg/year (Nriagu and Pacyna 1988). 

Because of the uncertainties In the use of source-emissions Inventories to estimate contributions from various sources to ambient levels of suspended particles, many workers have been developing and testing aerosol receptor models (1 ). The basic Idea of receptor models Is that chemical compositions of particles from various types of sources are sufficiently different that one can determine contributions from the sources by making detailed measurements of the compositions of ambient aerosols and of particles from the sources. Several computational methods have been used... 

Second, because of the high sensitivity of INAA, we collected such small masses of material that samples could not be conveniently weighed. Thus, most results were obtained as the mass of an element (on particles) per unit volume of air or stack gas rather than concentration In the suspended matter. Because of this, we can compute mass contributions from the sources to ambient air only with Independent knowledge of the concentration of at least one key element In particulate matter from each source e.g., of V In particulate matter from oll-flred power plants. It would be desirable to have the Information on mass concentrations however, the point of our study was the development and testing of the fundamentals of receptor models and, only Incidentally, to estimate TSP contributions from various sources. 

The major anthropogenic sources of PCDD/F emissions to the North American atmosphere that contribute to TEQ deposition in the Great Lakes have been estimated [28,29]. The fraction of total estimated atmospheric TEQ deposition to Lake Superior in 1996 from various sources is shown in Fig. 2. 

Direct oxidation of N02 can yield N02, and N02 derived from various sources is often reduced to NOz. Rapid bimolecular disproportionation of NOz in solution vitiates a simple electrochemical measurement of the potential for the N02/N02" couple, but estimates have been reported on numerous occasions. Endicott (110) cited a value of 1.13 V for the (H+, N02)/HN02 couple, apparently taken from the data in Latimer (195). Berdnikov and Bazhin estimated a value of 1.0 + 0.1 V for the N02/N02 couple by use of an estimated hydration energy of N02 (45). Koppenol derived a value of 0.91 V, but the details of the calculation are not obvious (189). By employing several approximations Pearson obtained a value of 0.89 V (240). Wilmarth et al. reported a value of 1.03 0.04 V, which was based on an estimate of the solubility of N02 (331). A value of 0.993 V estimated by Ram and Stanbury (251) was based on a measurement of the solubility of NOz. This value was revised to 1.045 V by using revised data for N02" (252). Finally, an experimental value of 1.04 V was obtained by measuring the forward and reverse rates of the reaction... 

Figure 10 Survival of S. cerevisiae as a function of cooling velocity. The highest rate indicated is an estimate. Cells were suspended in water in most cases and cooled to -30°C or below. Data are from various sources. The different symbols represent. separate experiments. (From Ref. 21.)...

Table III. Estimates of Total and Fine Particulate Airborne Emissions from Various Sources in the United States...

The data for F6 indicate a positive vertical and adiabatic electron affinity for the ground state. The presence of a low-lying excited state was observed in other experiments with a vertical electron affinity of —0.4 eV [71]. The higher-energy resonances also result from excited states. These data do not provide direct estimates of the adiabatic electron affinity of a molecule, but have been used to calculate pseudo-two-dimensional Morse potential curves for the molecular anions using data from various sources including the ECD [72]. 

Once exposure estimates are calculated, they are compared with the level of exposure deemed safe based on a review of the toxicity data. This level is often termed the TRV. There are sets of TRVs available from various sources, developed using various techniques. Examples have been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM), and these TRVs are available at their Web sites (www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ecorisk/ tools.html and http //chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/tox/HERP.aspx, respectively). The most robust methods incorporate the results and parameters of a literature review,... 

This chapter collates data from various sources so that the roles the metal ions play in the enzymic manipulation of phosphate derivatives might be assessed. The use of model systems has allowed an estimation of the degree of activation (rate enhancement) expected for particular modes of metal ion-phosphate derivative interaction. In the enzymic systems, some of the roles proposed from the model systems seem to be especially relevant and it is no coincidence that the multiple metal ions required for high activity in the models are reflected in the clusters of metal ions in the reaction centers of some enzymes apparent when high-resolution structural analyses have been carried out. Clearly, charge neutralization, polarization, intramolecular nucleophiles, and effects on the leaving groups are all pertinent aspects for the metal ion s role in the natural systems. They are certainly important in the model systems. Moreover, much, but not all, of the rate enhancement in the metalloenzymes can be accounted for by these effects. Also, the role of intramolecular acids and bases in the enzyme systems is probably important. Certainly, the structures imply intimate... 

If time and resources allow, the nonquantitative consensus method of estimating, called conference estimating, can be used. The more pertinent knowledge that can be obtained from various sources... 

In most comparisons to date - mixers have been ranked in order of performance according to the criterion chosen. While the subject remains in its semi-quantitative state with respect to experimental data this simple ranking procedure is useful for the reader but a more quantitative approach is worth attempting. To this end it is suggested that the product of the pressure drop ratio (2) and the value of L,/D, for o/C 0.05 would provide a usdiil quantitative estimate of mixer dficiency. This is less ambiguous than the ratio values used in previous comparative tests and provides a basis for the comparison of data from various sources. The data of Alloca and Pahl and Maschelknautz can be compared in this way as in Table 12.1. 

The objective of this investigation was, therefore, (i) to assimilate flie rqipropriate plant data from various sources, (ii) to determine and estimate their accuracy, (iii) to calculate closed mass balances for defined intervals of time, and (iv) to develop quantitative model to predict the production of ZIC and its composition based on the feed materials and their analysis. In the course of the investigation, the mass balance model was developed first (Model 1) with the aid of data reconciliation. Then, the prediction model (Model 2) was calculated based on the results of Model 1 incorporating a multi-parametrical regression analysis, hi this paper, the capabilities of the combination of these two modem computer-aided tools will be demonstrated as applied to the Ruhr-Zink flowsheet. With these methods, a plant simulator can be updated in a relatively short time that incorporates the latest changes in the flowsheet. 

In summary, with the exception of AIBN, where the data from various sources allow for no clear decision about the size of solvent effects on ka, the literature data on initiator decomposition suggest that ka for decomposition in SCCO2 is very close to the associated values in the non-polar solvent n-heptane. Thus, the extended set of literature values reported for peroxide decomposition in n-heptane should be very suitable for estimating ka in polymerizations of non-polar monomers even in the presence of significant amounts of CO2. 

Apart from the just mentioned authors, there are others in the literature review that have also dealt with the connection between warranty and quality and even gone into this aspect in depth. For instance, from the case about the estimation and production for warranty cost with an integrated multicriteria model (case 3), the type of information that would he needed for modeling warranty in a real apphcation could he requested from various sources within a company. Apart of maintenance, other sources could he the marketing department, puhhc relations department, or the quality assurance department (A. Mitra et al. 1993). The type of information requested would help to determine the values of the parameters used in the model proposed in this scenario hy the author. 

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