Esparto

Nonwood fibers are used in relatively small volumes. Examples of nonwood pulps and products include cotton Enters for writing paper and filters, bagasse for cormgated media, esparto for filter paper, or Manila hemp for tea bags. Synthetic pulps which are based on such materials as glass (qv) and polyolefins also are used (see Olefin polymers). These pulps are relatively expensive and usually are used in blends with wood pulps where they contribute a property such as tear resistance, stiffness, or wet strength which is needed to meet a specific product requirement. 

Alfa,/, esparto (Stipa tenacianma). Algarot(t)pulver,n. powder of Algaroth, algarot, algaroth (SbOCl). 

Alpha-gras, n. alfa grass, esparto, -milchsaure, /. (,o -)lactic acid, -naphtol, n. alpha naphthol, a-naphthol (l-naphthol). -strahlen, m.pl. alpha rays, -zellstoff, m. alpha cellulose. Alpranken, f.pl. bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). 

Spartgras, n. esparto grass, esparto. Spartopapier, n. esparto paper. Spar-vorrichtung, /. economizing device. 

One of several species of seaside grass, among which are the Lygeum Spar turn or hooded mat-weed of the Mediterranean and Anophilia Are-naria of Holland, The name Esparto is used for the fibers covering coconut shells. The dried weed may be nitrated to give an expl compd (see below)... 

Esparto (Stipa tenadssima) grass Hemp (Cannabis sativa) plants Two species of Corchorus plants Flax (Linum usitatissimum) plants Hibiscus (Hibiscus cannabinus) plants Bohemia nivea grass... 

Waxes Beeswax, spermaceti, Chinese wax, lanolin (animal waxes) carnauba, candelilla, Japan wax, esparto (vegetable waxes) paraffin, ozokerite (fossil waxes) Paint binders, coatings, sealants, writing tablets, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, sculptures... 

Many other plant waxes have also been exploited for various uses, including esparto wax, from esparto grass Stipa tenacissima, and Japan wax, from plants of the Rhus species. 

The GALDI-MS measurements covered a selection of natural ester waxes, both from animal (beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti) and vegetable sources (candelilla, cane, carnauba, cotton fibre, esparto, ouricouri). Generally, the waxes were readily distinguishable by their characteristic distribution of molecular masses. In some cases, markers could be identified on the basis of literature data. 

Hydrolysis of xylan produces principally D-xylose.71 By hydrolysis of straw xylan in 3% nitric acid, Heuser and Jayme72 obtained crystalline D-xylose in 85% yield. Using a similar procedure, Hampton, Haworth and Hirst70 obtained a yield of 93% crystalline D-xylose from esparto xylan. A practically identical yield was indicated by reducing sugar determination made on the hydrolysis products of corn seedling xylan.68... 

Most structural work on xylan has been done on that from esparto grass and the principal attack made by way of the methyl ether. Xylan can be methylated by heating with methyl iodide and silver oxide,92-93 but complete etherification is difficult and considerable degradation probably occurs. On the other hand, complete etherification is attained by methylation in two operations with potassium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfate to give a dimethylxylan in almost quantitative yield70 showing [< ]22d — 92° in chloroform. Methylation with potassium hydroxide appears to proceed more readily than with sodium hydroxide.70-92... 

Esparto Wheat Straw, Beech- -109.5° 2.5 22 Hampton, Haworth, and Hirst70... 

Stem fibers Esparto Esparto [Stipa tenadssima) grass... 

Lignin Nitrate (Nitrolignin). A general term employed to designate nitrated products contg lignin, such as wood, straws, jute, esparto grass, flax and hemp fibers (Ref 1)... 

Foure, Mackie Trench patented in 1873 in England an expl based on NC to which were added rosin, lacquer, ozokerite, collodion, glycerin, and charcoal or soot. The same inventors patented in 1876 expls in which NC was substituted by nitrated sainfoin, esparto grass, agave, hemp, flax, straw, hay, Amer aloe and yucca Ref Daniel (1902), 295 773 (Trench, Faure et Mackie)... 

Fiber or Fibre is any tough substance composed of threadlike tissue, especially when capable of being spun or woven. Fibers may be divided into animal (wool or silk), vegetable (cotton, hemp, flax, ramie, esparto, jute, sisal etc), mineral (asbestos, glass fiber) and artificial (Rayon, Nylon, Orion, Vinyon, Saran etc)... 

Esparto Gross, known also as Tall Grass . Any of several grasses, esp Stipatenacissima, of S. Europe and N. Africa, used for making paper, cordage, etc. (Refs 1 2). Its use as a cellulose source is described by Ott (Ref 3) Refs 1) Hackh s Diet (1944), 314-R 2)... 

Esparto Wax. Hard vegetable wax extracted from esparto grass, having a mp of 75 C and the abiliry to blend well, emulsify easily, and impart smoothness to products using it Ref CondChemDict (1961), 449-L... 

Considering the close resemblance in general structure and food-reserve function of these polysaccharides, a certain similarity in properties might be expected, and this similarity will be discussed in later Sections. Also, the parent polysaccharides cellulose, mannan, and esparto xylan are all intrinsically water-insoluble the progressive introduction of the monosaccharide and disaccharide stubs, if... 

Waxes from grasses include bamboo leaf wax, esparto wax. and hemp fiber wax. Esparto wax is a hard, tough wax with a melting point of 73-78°C, and is the most important grass wax. Most of the esparto wax produced is consumed In the British Isles. It is chiefly useful as a substitute for camauba. Waxes obtained from roots of various species of plan ts are minute in quantity and of no economic importance. 

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