Cellulose sources

K. Kamide and T. Yamashiki, Cellulose Sources and Exploitation, Ellis Horwood Ltd., New York, 1990, Chapt. 24. 

R wPrior to World War II, CN was produced mainly from cotton linters because of their higher degree of purity (alpha cellulose >98%). The high purity linters allowed a higher yield and better quaUty product compared to those obtained from less pure wood pulps or other cellulose sources. The development of highly purified chemical-grade wood pulps has allowed this material to be used in the same manner as are linters. 

Basidiomycetes, reproduction in, 26 452 Basil leaf, 23 164 Basin-type solar still, 26 91 Basket centrifuge, 11 389-390 conical, 11 391 Bast fiber plants, 11 594 Bast fibers, 11 285, 288, 289 as cellulose source, 5 363, 367 mechanical properties of, 11 290-291 processing of, 11 291-295 uses of, ll 299t, 300... 

Chanzy, H. (1990). Aspects of cellulose structure. In Cellulose Sources and Exploitation Industrial Utilisation, Biotechnology and Physico-chemical Properties, Kennedy, J.F., Phillips, G.O. and Williams, P.A. (Eds.). Ellis Horwood, Chichestir, UK, pp. 3-12. 

Most economic evaluations of the saccharification process (21,22,23) conclude that at the present time the cost of production of the most favoured products (glucose, single cell protein, ethanol) is higher than production from non-cellulosic sources. Nyiri (24) made an economic evaluation of cellulose-based single cell protein and ethanol production. He suggested that an economical plant output is between 7 and 20 m /year, and, depending on the size and complexity of the plant, estimated capital costs between 6 and 12 million. 

Esparto Gross, known also as Tall Grass . Any of several grasses, esp Stipatenacissima, of S. Europe and N. Africa, used for making paper, cordage, etc. (Refs 1 2). Its use as a cellulose source is described by Ott (Ref 3) Refs 1) Hackh s Diet (1944), 314-R 2)... 

Bagasse -microbial transformations [MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS] (Vol 16) - [SUGAR - CANE SUGAR] (Vol 23) - [PAPER] (Vol 18) -cellulose source [CELLULOSE] (Vol 5) -fuel from [FUELS FROM WASTE] (Vol 12) -as fuel resource [FUEL RESOURCES] (Vol 12) -fuel for steam prdn [STEAM] (Vol 22)... 

Hemp - pIBERS - VEGETABLE] (Vol 10) -cellulose source [CELLULOSE] (Vol 5)... 

Landin, M., Martinez-Pacheco, R., Gomez-Amoza, J. L., Souto, C., Concheiro, A., Rowe, R. C. Influence of microcrystalline cellulose source and batch variation on tabletting behavior and stability of prednisone formulations. Intemat J Pharm 91 143-149 (1993). 

Guthrie JT, Mannings CS (1990) The cellulose/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/F O system degradation aspects. In Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Cellulose sources and exploitation. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, p 49... 

Ethyl alcohol is also manufactured from a cellulose source (such as wood) (Fig. 3) but no matter what the process, it is often necessary to dehydrate the product for the production of pure alcohol (Fig. 4). 

A typical cottonseed crushing operation will separate the seed into oil [160 kg/t (320 Ibs/t)], hulls [260 kg/t (540 Ibs/t)], meal [455 kg/t (910 Ibs/t)], and linters [83.5 kg/t (167 Ibs/t)] (1). The hulls and meal are sources of vegetable protein feed for animals and the linters are used as a chemical cellulose source in personal care products, in batting for upholstered furniture and mattresses, and in high-quality paper (2). 

Qualification of different cellulose sources for the various end use applications is determined on the basis of purity, molecular size, and a-cellulose content, a-cellulose refers to the portion of cellulose insoluble in 18% aqueous sodium hydroxide. Whereas the content of noncellulosic polysaccharides has proven to be a hindrance to the clarity of cellulose esters (determined as haze in otherwise clear films), a-cellulose content is important for the spinnability of cellulose solutions into regenerated fibers, and for viscosity characteristics of cellulose ethers. Molecular weights play an important role in various cellulose ethers. 

---