ESD

DIET Desorption induced by electronic transitions [147a] General class of desorption and reaction phenomena induced by electron or photon bombardment Same as ESD and PSD... 

ESD Electron-stimulated (impact) desorption [148, 149] An electron beam (100-200) eV) ejects ions from a surface Surface sites and adsorbed species... 

The nature of reaction products and also the orientation of adsorbed species can be studied by atomic beam methods such as electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) [49,30], photon-stimulated desoiption (PDS) [51], and ESD ion angular distribution ESDIAD [51-54]. (Note Fig. VIII-13). There are molecular beam scattering experiments such... 

An electron or photon incident on a surface can induce an electroiuc excitation. When the electroiuc excitation decays, an ion or neutral particle can be emitted from the surface as a result of the excitation. Such processes are known as desorption induced by electroiuc transitions (DIET) [82]. The specific teclmiques are known as electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) and photon-stimulated desorption (PSD), depending on the method of excitation. 

Because of the diversity of filler particle shapes, it is difficult to clearly express particle size values in terms of a particle dimension such as length or diameter. Therefore, the particle size of fillers is usually expressed as a theoretical dimension, the equivalent spherical diameter (esd), ie, the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the particle. An estimate of regularity may be made by comparing the surface area of the equivalent sphere to the actual measured surface area of the particle. The greater the deviation, the more irregular the particle. 

The particle sizes of fillers are usually collected and ordered to yield size distributions which are frequendy plotted as cumulative weight percent finer than vs diameter, often given as esd, on a log probabiUty graph. In this manner, most unmodified fillers yield a straight-line relationship or log normal distribution. Inspection of the data presented in this manner can yield valuable information about the filler. The coarseness of a filler is often quantified as the esd at the 99.9% finer-than value. Deviations from linearity at the high and low ends of the plot suggest that either fractionation has occurred to remove coarse or fine particles or the data are suspect in these ranges. 

Static electric discharge is a serious problem ia the electronics iadustry. Electronic devices are extremely seasitive to static electric discharges. Examples of the seasitivity to electrostatic discharge (ESD) are givea ia Table 2 (26). 

J. Crowley, Basic Materials Measurements, EOS/ESD Tutorial, EOS/ESD Association, 1991. 

C. R. Hynes, EOS/ESD Technology PartII from MIE-P-81705 (AS) to MIE-B-81705C, Miller Freeman Pubhcations, Aug./Sept. 1990. 

EID = electron impact desorption ESCA = electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis ESD = electron-stimulated desorption ... 

The combination of conductive flooring 7/ia conductive footwear is the preferred method of grounding. Untreated concrete flooring with conductive footwear is usually adequate, but its conductivity should be measured (Fowler and Klein, Static Phenomena and Test Methods for Static Gontrolled Floors, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, pp. 27-38, 1992). Where this method is impractical, personnel grounding devices are available. 

Stray Electrical Currents and Induced Radio Frequency Currents. For information on stray currents see API 2003 [3j. For information on both hazards see the author s review Sources of Ignition in [157]. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Damage to Electronic Equipment. Marine Tankers and Barges (see [5] ISGOTT ). 

An introduction to the principles behind SPI-SALI, this ankle presents a theoretical discussion of why SPI-SALI is much less fragmenting than MPI-SALI. Examples are shown which describe the additional fragmentation induced by the desorption beam—in this case ESD is compared to ion sputtering. The main focus of the article is the advantages of SPI-SALI for surface analysis of bulk organic polymers. 

A, A , A ESD ESDIAD SIMS SNMS GDMS FARMS RBS LEIS ERDA NRA ... 

Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and ESD Ion Angular Distribution (ESDIAD)... 

The most common ions observed as a result of electron-stimulated desorption are atomic (e. g., H, 0, E ), but molecular ions such as OH", CO", H20, and 02" can also be found in significant quantities after adsorption of H2O, CO, CO2, etc. Substrate metallic ions have never been observed, which means that ESD is not applicable to surface compositional analysis of solid materials. The most important application of ESD in the angularly resolved form ESDIAD is in determining the structure and mode of adsorption of adsorbed species. This is because the ejection of positive ions in ESD is not isotropic. Instead the ions are desorbed along specific directions only, characterized by the orientation of the molecular bonds that are broken by electron excitation. 

Risk Reduction Factors Coutrol/ rator responses. Alarms, Control system response. Manual anti automatic ESD, Fire/gas detection system Sa/ety System Responses Relief valves. Depressurization system. Isolation systems, High reliability trips. Back-up systems... 

Event Sequence Diagrams (ESDs) and Event Trees (ETs) were used to logically di plant re.spon.se to various initiator.s in a two step process ... 

An ESD was developed for all initiator categories not involving LOCA. This... 

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