Electrostatic discharge, ESD

Static electric discharge is a serious problem ia the electronics iadustry. Electronic devices are extremely seasitive to static electric discharges. Examples of the seasitivity to electrostatic discharge (ESD) are givea ia Table 2 (26). 

Stray Electrical Currents and Induced Radio Frequency Currents. For information on stray currents see API 2003 [3j. For information on both hazards see the author s review Sources of Ignition in [157]. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Damage to Electronic Equipment. Marine Tankers and Barges (see [5] ISGOTT ). 

Some work was also done by Consaga et al. on cyclodextrin nitrates with a view to replacing NC [5]. The composites of this invention are mixtures of (i) a cyclodextrin nitrate or a mixture of cyclodextrin nitrates and (ii) an energetic organic nitrate plasticizer. These composites are useful as replacements for nitrocellulose (NC) because they are more thermally stable and less sensitive to impact and yet have comparable or greater energy content than NC. However, cyclodextrin nitrates are dry powders that are sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). 

As an initial step, the reports of l80 in-process accidents were viewed. A sianmary of the type of information obtained is shown in Fig 22. The process operation and the probable causative stimuli which led to the accident are given in terms of the number of accidents and the percentage of the total number. Thus the most probable causes of an accident were identified in an accident analysis. The causes varied by process operation and material type. However friction, impact, electrostatic discharge (ESD), and heating were the most commonly identified causative stimuli. 

Operational environment checks should include those on power supplies, ambient temperature and humidity, vibration and dust levels, Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), Radio Frequency Interference (RFl), and Electrostatic Discharges (ESD) as relevant to the needs of the computer system. This list of operational environment requirements is by no means exhaustive, and may be extended or even reduced depending on what is known about the system. EMI and RFI might be tested with the localized use of mobile or cell telephones, walkie-talkie communications receivers/transmitters, arc welding equipment, and electronic drills. The aim is to test the vulnerability of the computer system to interference in situations that must be considered as normal working conditions. 

Variations in temperature and humidity might be monitored over a period of time using a portable chart recorder as part of the PQ. Vulnerabilities to electrostatic discharge (ESD), vibration, and dust are more difficult to measure. All that may be possible in this context is to periodically review whether these have affected live operations in any way. If this is the case, it should be clearly stated and the causes followed up as part of the ongoing support program for maintaining validation. 

C SD stands for electrostatic discharge. ESD happens when two objects of dissimilar charge come in contact with one another. The two objects exchange electrons in order to standardize the electrostatic charge between them. This charge can, and often does, damage electronic components. 

It should be pointed out that because mask substrates are made of glass, which is an insulator, they are very susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge (ESD). Sparks from discharges can cause the mask absorber material to melt... 

As mentioned above, sensitive electronic products require protection from electrostatic discharge (ESD). In unmodified plastics, ESD is a significant problem, since the nonconductive nature of plastics causes them to easily accumulate static charges. Consequently, when plastic packaging is used for sensitive devices, it must be modified to make it less susceptible to charge buildup, and to provide for dissipation of any charges that are created. Both of these are accomplished by providing a conductive path for electrons. 

Powered wheelchairs have been reported to exhibit unintended movement. Wheelchair manufacturers and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA-CDRH) have examined the susceptibility of powered wheelchairs and scooters to interference from radio and microwave transmissions. These devices are tested at frequencies ranging from 26 MHz to 1 GHz, which is common for transmissions (e.g., radio, TV, microwave, telephones, mobile radios). Power wheelchairs incorporate complex electronics and microcontrollers which are sensitive to electromagnetic (EM) radiation, electrostatic discharge (ESD), and other energy sources. 

A bag for shipping electronic components, which may be subjected to damage caused by an electrostatic discharge (ESD). See also Static Sensitive Device. 

Arkema has marketed a conductive polyamide 11 with a very low surface resistivity for making the kind of extruded tubing used in electrostatic discharge (ESD) fuel tank applications. It is claimed to be better than polyamide 12 in a number of respects and, because it is flexible, is said to make the installation of storage and delivery tubes easier. 

The electrostatic discharge (ESD) characteristic of the nanocomposites was also measured. All types of composites at 20 wt% were ESD dissipative and complied with the Mil-B-81705C requirements since they all were in the percolated regime. The decay time for each nanocomposite type is shown in Table 8.1 for 1% of cutoff. Only, twin-screw extraded P-55 composites displayed a shghtly higher, but still dissipative, decay time of 1.0 s. This is consistent with its low electrical conductivity of only 0.8 S/m, as it is known that the electrostatic decay time increases as the conductivity of the material decreases (Pratt, 2000). 

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