Antistatic and ESD additives

What are the various kinds of migrating/nonpermanent and nonmigrating/permanent antistatic and ESD additives commercially used in POs ... 

What are some specific situations that require antistat/ESD/EMI compounds, and how is the proper choice of additive made ... 

High-resistivity materials such as certain plastics are specifically susceptible to the generation of ESD. This problematic property of certain plastics is often improved by incorporating certain conductive additives and fillers called antistats to the plastic to reduce the resistivity of the plastic material. 

The BASF group has attempted to market antistatic conductive film based on poly(pyrrole) coatings [876]. Additionally, several Japanese camera and semiconductor companies, e.g. Konica and Hitachi, have patented ESD technology for photofilm and semiconductor applications based on CPs, primarily P(ANi) [877, 878]. The semiconductor applications include packaging and handling of semiconductor wafers and magnetic disks. 

Black-filled compositions will often, but not always, have ESD as well as RFI and EMI characteristics. A black-filled PVC phonograph record, for example, will block electromagnetic fields, but nonetheless will often be readily charged electrostatically if antistatic additives are not used. In cases such as this, the surface of the article invariably proves to be far less conducting than bulk properties would suggest. 

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