Escherichia coli immune response

In 1990, the first plant-made vaccines were performed via expression of Streptococcus mutans surface protein A in transgenic tobacco, followed by oral immunization of mice with the same plant material (Fischer and Emans, 2000). This transgenic plant material was later shown to successfully induce an antibody response through a demonstration that serum from immunized mice could react with intact S. mutans. Plants were also developed that expressed Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LT-B) and that exhibited successful inducement of both mucosal and serum antibody responses (Tacket, 2005). These initial experiments led to a cornucopia of studies involving generations of plant-made vaccines and therapeutic proteins and their applications in medicine. 

Lipopolysaccharides are the dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella ty-phimurium. These molecules are prime targets of the antibodies produced by the vertebrate immune system in response to bacterial infection and are therefore important determinants of the serotype of bacterial strains (serotypes are strains that are distinguished on the basis of antigenic properties). The lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium contain six fatty acids bound to two... 

Prepare a known inducer for the immune response of invertebrates (see Note 4). An efficient inducer is a cocktail of overnight cultures of a Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) and a Gram-negative bacteria (wild-type Escherichia coli). 

Dalrymple SA, Slattery R, Aud DM, et al. Interleukin-6 is required for a protective immune response to systemic Escherichia coli infection. Infect Immun 1996 64 3231-5. 

Kehl KS, Havens P, Behnke CE, Acheson DW (1997) Evaluation of the premier EHEC assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 35 2051-2054 Konowalchuk J, Speirs Jl, Stavric S (1977) Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 18 775-779... 

Sack, R., et al. "Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Secretory Response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins." Infection Immunity 35(2) 47I475, 1982. Abstract. 

Verweij WR. de Haan L, Holtrop M et aL Mucosal immunoadjuvant activity of recombinant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and its B subunit induction of systemic IgG and secretory IgA responses in mice by intranasal immunization with influenza virus surface antigen. Vaccine 1998 16(20) 2069-2076. 

Sack RB, Froehlich JL 1982 Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae And Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35 471-475... 

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