Escherichia coli enterotoxins

Gupta, S., J. N. S. Yadava, and J. S. Tandon. Antisecretory (antidiarrheal) activity of Indian medicinal plants against Escherichia coli enterotoxin-in-duced secretion in rabbit and Guinea pig ileal loop models. Int J Pharmacog 1993 31(3) 198-204-... 

In 1990, the first plant-made vaccines were performed via expression of Streptococcus mutans surface protein A in transgenic tobacco, followed by oral immunization of mice with the same plant material (Fischer and Emans, 2000). This transgenic plant material was later shown to successfully induce an antibody response through a demonstration that serum from immunized mice could react with intact S. mutans. Plants were also developed that expressed Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LT-B) and that exhibited successful inducement of both mucosal and serum antibody responses (Tacket, 2005). These initial experiments led to a cornucopia of studies involving generations of plant-made vaccines and therapeutic proteins and their applications in medicine. 

Wu C-M, Chung T-C (2007) Mice protected by oral immunization with Lactobacillus reuteri secreting fusion protein of Escherichia coli enterotoxin subunit protein. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 50(3) 354-365... 

Moss J, Stanley SJ, Vaughan M, etal. (1993) Interaction of ADP-ribosylation factor with Escherichia coli enterotoxin that contains an inactivating lysine-112 substitution. In J. Biol. Chem. 268 6383—6387. 

Rappoport RS, Sagin J F, Pierzchala WA, et al. (1976) Activation of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin by trypsin. In J. Infect. Dis. 133 S41-S54. 

Cyclic GMP is generated by two distinct forms of guanylyl cyclase (GC). NO stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and the natriuretic peptides, guanylins, and heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin stimulate members of the membrane-spanning GCs (e.%., particulate GC). 

Sack, R., et al. "Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Secretory Response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins." Infection Immunity 35(2) 47I475, 1982. Abstract. 

Arce S, Nawar HF, Russell MW et al. DiBercntial binding of Escherichia coli enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb and of cholera toxin elicits differences in apoptosis, proliferation and activation of lymphoid cells. Infect Immun 2005 73(5) 2718-2727. 

Sack RB, Froehlich JL 1982 Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae And Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35 471-475... 

Field, M., 1979, Mechanisms of action of cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32 189. 

Holmgren, J., 1973, Comparison of the tissue receptors for Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins by means of gangliosides and natural cholerea toxoid. Infect. Immun. 8 851-859. 

Spangler B.D., Wilkinson E.A., Murphyb J.T., Tyler B.J., Comparison of the Spreeta surface plasmon resonance sensor and a quartz crystal microbalance for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins, Analytica Chimica Acta 2001 444 149-161. 

Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Watson J, Martin BM, Levine MM, Guandalini S, Guerry P Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 3093-3097. 

Navarro-Garcia F, Eslava C, Villaseca JM, Lo-pez-Revilla R, Czeczulin JR, Srinivas S, Nataro JP, Cravioto A In vitro effects of a high-molecular-weight heat-labile enterotoxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1998,66 3149-3154. 

Fasano A, Kay BA, Russell RG, Maneval DR Jr, Levin MM Enterotoxin and cytotoxin production by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1990,58 3717-3723. 

Nataro JP, Seriwatana J, Fasano A, Maneval DR, Guers LD, Noriega F, Dubovsky F, Levine MM, Morris JG Jr Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Infect Immun 1995,63 4721-4728. 

Crane, J. K., Azar, S. S., Stam, A., and Newburg, D. S. (1994). Oligosaccharides from human milk block binding and activity of the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in T84 intestinal cells. /. Nutr. 124, 2358-2364. 

Salmonella Colonization of intestinal mucosa. Escherichia coli Shiga family toxins (verotoxins) Stx, Stxl, Stx2, Staphylococcus Enterotoxins... 

Chikwamba R, Cunnick J, Hathaway D, McMurray J, Mason H, Wang K. (2002) A functional antigen in a practical crop LT-B producing maize protects mice against Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT). Transgenic Res 11 479 93. 

The most potent mucosal adjuvants have been shown to be the toxins derived from Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli, which should not be surprising since these organisms invade the body through the GI tract. Obviously too toxic for human use because they are the source of cholera or diarrhoea, heat labile enterotoxins have been tested in mice and shown to be potent adjuvants for orally or nasally administered influenza vaccine. The potency of heat-labile enterotoxin mutants may also be enhanced by formulation into bioadhesive particulate delivery systems, and this is an area under current exploration. 

Field M., Graf L. H., Laird W. J. and Smith P. L. (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2800-2804. 

Wiygul G., and Sikorowski P. P. (1991). The effect of a heat-stable enterotoxin isolated from Escherichia coli on pheromone production in fat bodies isolated from male boll weevils. Exp. exp. appl. 60, 305-308. 

Ryan, E.T. Crean, T.I. John, M. Butterton, J.R. Clements, J.D. Calderwood, S.B. Vivo expression and immunoadjuvancy of a mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli in vaccine and vector strains of vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 1694—1701. 

In diseases of the small intestine, active secretion caused by cyclic nucleotide stimulation can result in a large volume of water and electrolytes moving into the lumen. Additionally, enteric neuron activation of mast cells can increase intestinal capillary permeability and promote passive fluid secretion. Diseases that increase intestinal permeability can result in passive secretion of protein-rich fluid into the intestinal lumen. Active secretion of electrolytes and water is a feature of many diarrheal disorders and can be stimulated by bacterial enterotoxins. Several bacterial enterotoxins interact with intestinal epithelial cell membrane adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase, resulting in increased cAMP or cGMP. These, in turn, activate basolateral chloride channels, resulting in an increase in the luminal secretion of chloride, accompanied by sodium and followed by water (Gemmell 1984). Bacterial enterotoxins that stimulate cAMP include cholera toxin, Escherichia coli... 

Merritt EA, Sarfaty S, Pizza M, et al. (1995) Mutation of a buried residue causes loss of activity, but no conformational change in the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. In Struct. Biol. 2 269-272. 

---