Errors prescribing

The word accurately, used in connection with gravimetric or volumetric measurements, means that the operation should be carried out within the limits of error prescribed under Volumetric Apparatus or Weights and Balances, Appendix I. The same significance also applies to the term exactly or quantitative expressions such as 100.0 mL or 50.0 mg. ... 

In the previous section we described several internal methods of quality assessment that provide quantitative estimates of the systematic and random errors present in an analytical system. Now we turn our attention to how this numerical information is incorporated into the written directives of a complete quality assurance program. Two approaches to developing quality assurance programs have been described a prescriptive approach, in which an exact method of quality assessment is prescribed and a performance-based approach, in which any form of quality assessment is acceptable, provided that an acceptable level of statistical control can be demonstrated. 

This defines the maximum permissible composite error at the rated accuracy limit primary current, followed by letter P for protection. The standard prescribed accuracy... 

This section is concerned with errors that are often classified as "violations," that is, situations where established operating procedures appear to have been deliberately disregarded. Such violations sometimes arise because the prescribed way of performing the task is extremely difficult or is incompatible with the demands of production. Another cause is lack of knowledge of the... 

For the sake of completeness, it is also useful to define at this stage the category of errors known as violations. Violations occur when a worker carries out actions that are either prohibited or are different from those which are prescribed by the organization and carry some associated risks. Since violations are deliberate acts, they are not, strictly speaking, errors. However, the violations category is useful when classifying human caused failures. 

In the second case study, variation tree analysis and the events and causal factors chart/root cause analysis method are applied to an incident in a resin plant. This case study illustrates the application of retrospective analysis methods to identify the imderlying causes of an incident and to prescribe remedial actions. This approach is one of the recommended strategies in the overall error management framework described in Chapter 8. 

The main goal of any approximate method is to solve an original (continnons) problem with a prescribed accuracy e > 0 in a finite number of operations. In order to clarify whether it is possible in principle to approximate a solution u of problem (35)-(36) by a solntion j/ , of problem (37) with any prescribed accuracy e > 0 depending on the step h[e), we follow established practice. This is concerned with further comparison of with u x) in the space of grid functions Hh. Let be a value of the function u x) on the grid u>i, so that Hh- The error of... 

Automatic process control involves the maintenance of a desired value of a measured or estimated quantity (controlled variable) within prescribed limits (deviations, errors), without the direct action of an operator. Generally, this involves three steps ... 

For any project it is important that a consistent set of units are used. Most companies, in fact, prescribe that a given set of units be used for all calculations. This allows an experienced designer to easily run a rough check to determine if all the flow rates, temperatures, and sizes are reasonable. It allows persons working on different portions of the process to readily determine if there are any discontinuities at the interfaces between the sections. It also saves time and reduces the possibility of errors by minimizing the number of times that the units must be converted. 

Now consider the finite sampling systematic error. As discussed in Sect. 6.4.1, the fractional bias error in free energy is related to both the sample size and entropy difference 5e N exp(-AS/kB). With intermediates defined so that the entropy difference for each substage is the same (i.e., AS/n), the sampling length Ni required to reach a prescribed level of accuracy is the same for all stages, and satisfies... 

If error is random and follows probabilistic (normally distributed) variance phenomena, we must be able to make additional measurements to reduce the measurement noise or variability. This is certainly true in the real world to some extent. Most of us having some basic statistical training will recall the concept of calculating the number of measurements required to establish a mean value (or analytical result) with a prescribed accuracy. For this calculation one would designate the allowable error (e), and a probability (or risk) that a measured value (m) would be different by an amount (d). 

The prototypical form of error in the health care system that could be reduced by a systems approach is medication error. The kind of error identified in the literature—overdose of chemotherapy, injection of the wrong drug, etc.—sometimes leads to either injury or death, the kinds of harm that are the central concern of after-the-fact medical liability adjudication. Phar-macogenomics introduces not only another conception of harm—genetic risks—but also new ways of developing and prescribing drugs. 

Pharmacogenomics will further expand the responsibility of pharmacists to screen prescriptions, because physicians will have more opportunities for error in prescribing, just as pharmacists will have more opportunities for error in dispensing. Knowing whether the physician has written a prescription correctly for a patient will require that pharmacists evaluate patient-specific genetic information in addition to the other patient-related information that pharmacists currently have available for analysis. This may... 

The LMIPDA-IMM calculations are performed for all combinations of revisit times in A and waveforms in the library. Evidently then the number of combinations grows exponentially in the number of steps ahead, and soon becomes impractical for implementation. Having obtained the error covariance matrix for all possible combinations of sensor modes, the optimal sensor mode (waveform) is then chosen for each target to be the one which gives the longest re-visit time, while constraining the absolute value of the determinant of the error covariance matrix to be smaller than the prescribed upper limit K. In other words, our objective is... 

Detecting the incidence and type of adverse drug events (ADEs) and medication errors is important for improving the quality of health care delivery. Problems include missing dose, wrong dose, frequency, and route errors. The consequence (ADE) of the errors depends on medication and patient factors as described previously. Some of these problems are organisational and related to chart order system and prescribing. 

In the second row of Table 1.4, we have listed the corrections to the Hartree-Fock energies that are obtained from CCSD calculations. Clearly, we now have a better description of the atomization process, the error in the calculated AE being only -19.6 kJ/mol (2 %). Still, we are far away from the prescribed target accuracy of 1 kJ/mol. 

The lOM report concludes that most of these errors are the result of systemic problems rather than poor performance by individual providers. Pharmacists play a key role in helping prevent and eliminate medication errors by providing information on the proper use of medications. Pharmacists provide the link between prescribers and patients, as shown in Figure 27.1, and can monitor for medication errors and adverse events. 

A variety of error rates for different aspects of the medication use process have been reported. Researchers use different methodologies and definitions of medication error, and study different aspects of the medication use process (i.e., prescribing, dispensing, administering). Because there is no national standardization for the denominator used to report medication error rates, the denominator can vary among several, including doses dispensed, doses administered, doses ordered, and patient days. Therefore, the rates reported in the literature are limited in their use for comparative purposes [5]. 

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