Erosion measurement

The plug size is 0.5 gm in diameter, and the oxide erosion measurement is... 

The specimens for erosion measurement had the upper one-half of the exposed face protected with a stainless steel cover. 

Figure 1 Trench oxide erosion measured on SIT monitor (100 im x lOOum) for Low Selectivity Slurry (LSS). Its mean and standard deviation were obt ed from S measurement sites, corresponding to each CMP process (DOE).

Pugin [37] monitored the formation of an organolithium compound (butyl lithium in THF) and compared it to thermal and erosion measurements. He found a linear correlation between the rate of reaction for this process and the temperature rise of a coated thermocouple. This is an interesting result, but the slope of the line will almost certainly depend on the surface condition of the lithium pieces, on their size, and on the location of the solid relative to the ultrasonic source. These parameters should be carefully controlled in order to get reproducible results using this dosimeter. 

Removal of solid matter from the surface or edges of an agglomerate. The matter removed is much smaller than the agglomerate itself (See also attrition, erosion.) Measure for the ability of a body, for example an agglomerate, to withstand abrasion. 

Later studies by Mills and Mason (1977) considered the effect of particle concentration on erosion in bends. It was found by these investigators that the effect of particle concentration on erosion is slight, however, the depth of penetration of the particles into the bend surface material increases significantly with increase in particle concentration. The specific erosion measured as the mass of material eroded from the bend per unit mass of product conveyed is related to the solids loading as... 

Measuring surface crack depth is performed by calibration samples made of the same material like the object being tested. Calibration samples are the plates having narrow grooves like slits of various depth 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm and made by electric erosion method. The samples have dimensions 50 mm X 150 mm x 6 mm and 25 mmx 150 mm x 6 mm and are made of magnetic... 

Laser-based profilometry systems have also been applied for nondestructive testing and measurement of both smooth-bore and rifled gun tubes. Working through Small Business Innovation Research program, the U.S. Army has developed laser-based profilometry systems for the inspection of the 120mm cannon used on the MI-Al Abrams main battle tank. Systems have also been built to measure the erosion of 25 mm and 155 mm rifled gun tubes. 

Other examples of government and military applications of laser-based profilometry include the evaluation of rocket thruster nozzles to locate and measure flame erosion remote inspection of hypervelocity test track and the measurement of sludge deposits on tube internal surfaces. 

Birkin P R, O Connor R, Rapple C and SilvaMartinez S 1998 Electrochemical measurement of erosion from individual cavitation events generated from continuous ultrasound J. Chem. See., Faraday Trans. 94 3365... 

Flow nozzles are commonly used in the measurement of steam and other high velocity fluids where erosion can occur. Nozzle flow coefficients are insensitive to small contour changes and reasonable accuracy can be maintained for long periods under difficult measurement conditions that would create unacceptable errors using an orifice installation. 

Soil conditioners are materials that measurably improve the physical characteristics of the soil as a plant growth medium. Typical uses include erosion control, prevention of surface sealing, and improvement of water infiltration and drainage. Many natural materials such as peat and gypsum are used alone or in combination with synthetics for soil conditioning. This article is concerned with synthetic soil conditioners, many of which are introduced as polymeric systems similar to the gels and foams formed in situ by chemical grouts. 

FIG. 20-75 Fluid-bed erosion or wear rate as a function of granule material properties. Kq is fracture toughness and H is hardness as measured hy three-point bend tests. [Ennis [Pg.1888]

Although the coolant (river water) was at relatively low pressure, measurements revealed a residual hoop stress in the tube of approximately 9000 psi (62 MPa). The longitudinal rupture occurred as a result of these stresses after erosion had sufficiently reduced wall thickness. 

For erosive wear. Rockwell or Brinell hardness is likely to show an inverse relation with carbon and low alloy steels. If they contain over about 0.55 percent carbon, they can be hardened to a high level. However, at the same or even at lower hardness, certain martensitic cast irons (HC 250 and Ni-Hard) can out perform carbon and low alloy steel considerably. For simplification, each of these alloys can be considered a mixture of hard carbide and hardened steel. The usual hardness tests tend to reflect chiefly the steel portion, indicating perhaps from 500 to 650 BHN. Even the Rockwell diamond cone indenter is too large to measure the hardness of the carbides a sharp diamond point with a light load must be used. The Vickers diamond pyramid indenter provides this, giving values around 1,100 for the iron carbide in Ni-Hard and 1,700 for the chromium carbide in HC 250. (These numbers have the same mathematical basis as the more common Brinell hardness numbers.) The microscopically revealed differences in carbide hardness accounts for the superior erosion resistance of these cast irons versus the hardened steels. 

For intermediate temperatures from 400-1000°C (Fig. 11), the volatilization of carbon atoms by energetic plasma ions becomes important. As seen in the upper curve of Fig. 11, helium does not have a chemical erosion component of its sputter yield. In currently operating machines the two major contributors to chemical erosion are the ions of hydrogen and oxygen. The typical chemical species which evolve from the surface, as measured by residual gas analysis [37] and optical emission [38], are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 

Nitrate (measured as Nitrogen) 10 10 "Blue baby syndrome" in infants under six months -life threatening without immediate medical attention. Symptoms Infant looks blue and has shortness of breath. Runoff from fertilizer use leaching from septic tanks, sewage erosion of natural deposits... 

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