Epoxidized palm oil

Epoxidized oils were also used to modify PLA Ali et ah (2009) reported that its use as a plasticizer to improve flexibility. Thermal and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that epoxidized soybean oil is partially miscible with PLA. Rheological and mechanical properties of PLA/epoxidized soybean oil blends were studied by Xu and Qu (2009) Epoxidized soybean oil exhibited a positive effect on both the elongation at break and melt rheology. Al-Mulla et al. (2010b) also reported that plasticization of PLA (epoxidized palm oil) was carried out via solution casting process using chloroform as a solvent. The results indicated that improved flexibility could be achieved by incorporation of epoxidized palm oil. 

Al-Mulla, E.A.J., Yimus, W.MZ., Ibrahim, N.A. and Abdul Rahman MZ. 2010b. Properties of epoxidized palm oil plasticized polylactic acid. Journal of Materisls Science 45 ... 

Al-Mulla, E.A.J. 2011. Polylactic acid/epoxidized palm oil/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay nanocomposites Preparation and characterization. Korean Journal of... 

Epoxidized Palm Oil and Products, Polyols, Polyurethanes, and Polyacrylates. Epoxidized palm oil and palm oil products (EPOP) can be produced by reacting palm oil, palm stearin, or palm olein with peracids. Preformed peroxyacetic and peroxyformic acids, as well as peroxyacetic acid and peroxyformic acid generated in situ, were studied by Ahmad and co-workers (118,119) to find suitable methods for the production of EPOP. The best procedures were found to be preformed peroxyacetic acid and peroxyformic acid generated in situ (Table 46). 

Nor, H.M., M.H. Mahmood, H. Kifli, and MA. Rahman, The Use of Epoxidized Palm Oil Products for the Synthesis of Radiation Curable Resins, in Proceedings of World Conference on Oleochemicals Into the 21st Century, edited by T.H. Applewhite, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL, 1991, pp. 311—314. 

Based on the same principles, epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was studied, partly because of the great economic importance of palm oil production. Silver) ah et mixed EPO with PLA and observed an important increase in... 

PLA/PCL-OMMT nano-composites were prepared effectively using fatty amides as clay modifier. The nano-composites shows increasing mechanical properties and thermal stability (Hoidy et al, 2010c). New biopolymer nano-composites were prepared by treatment of epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil, respectively plasticized PLA modified MMT with fatty nitrogen compounds. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The novelty of these studies is use of fatty nitrogen compoimds which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants (Al-Mulla et al., 2011 Al-Mulla et ah, 2011 Al- Mulla et ah, 2010c). 

Another oil used for epoxidation with MT0/H202 is the oil from Jatropha curcas L. also known as Barbados or Physic nut. As with palm oil, it mostly consists of oleic acid (50%) and linoleic acid (29%) and various saturated fatty acids (20%). With 0.5 mol% of MTO and 12 mol% of pyridine in biphasic conditions, it was found that Jatropha oil can be completely epoxidized within 1.5 h [78]. 

One paper from the group of Zhang reports [75] on the testing of various oils with MT0/H202 with CH3CN as solvent and imidazole as the nitrogen base. A base/MTO/H202/double bond ratio of 50 1 250 100 is used, and excellent results are obtained after 2 h at room temperature. Fatty acid methyl ester, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, and palm oil can all be epoxidized with >99% selectivity and >98% yield with this system. 

Because palm oil and its products have lower iodine values, the epoxide contents of EPOP are lower than that of ESBO. As plasticizers and stabilizers, EPOP are therefore not expected to perform better than ESBO, but their performance could be made comparable by slight modifications of the formulations. PVC jungle and rain boots plasticized and/or stabilized with EPOP have been produced that are comparable in performance to those plasticized and/or stabilized with ESBO (120). 

Other sources of oils which may be epoxidized are also studied, especially palm oil which is readily available in Asia and Africa. Modification of epoxidized soybean oil is also studied to develop grades which lower concentration of this plasticizer and have retention of mechanical properties obtainable with DOR ... 

Another class of important renewable resources is represented by triglyceride plant oils. Among these vegetable oils, palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil are the four most important vegetable oils worldwide, holding a share of more than 80% of the market (Tan and Chow, 2010). Linseed oil and soybean oil are found to be the most popular epoxidized vegetable oils utilized today, since most of the potential vegetable oils are not available or their price is exorbitant. 

Today palm oil is widely used in food applicahons and preferred for frying and baking applications because of its good oxidative stability and high solid fat content. Palm oil contains about 50% saturated (42 8% palmitic and 4-5% stearic acids) and 50% unsaturated fatty acids (37-41% linoleic and 9-11% linolenic acids). The fatty acid composition of palm kernel oil resembles that of the coconut oil rather than that of palm oil. Palm kernel oil is rich in lauric (about 48%), myristic (16%) and oleic (15%) acids. Both palm oil and pahn kernel oil are commercially separated into stearin (solid) and olein (liquid) fractions for special applications. The stearin fraction obtained from palm kernel can be used as a cocoa butter substitute. The olein fraction is used in baked goods and soap manufacturing. Imitation palm-oil-based cheese, hand and body lotion, fatty acid methyl esters for use as fuel or solvent, and epoxidized pahn oil to produce plasticizers and stabilizers for conventional polyvinyl chloride plastics are some of the other products that are produced from palm oil (Basiron, 2005). 

COMPARISON EFFECTS OF PALM OIL FATTY ACID AND STEARIC ACID ON DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, CURING CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK FILLED EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS Ismail H Kamal S K Mark S E Universiti Sains Malaysia... 

Similar result were obtained when the oil palm wood flour (OPWF) was mixed with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The increase of OPWF content resulted in the decrease of tensile strength and elongation at break of the OPWF/ENR composites. However, it increased tensile modulus, tear strength and hardness. Moreover, the cure (t ) and scorch time decreased when the OPWF content increased. Larger particle size of OPWF resulted in shorter t and scorch time, while the highest fiber content with the smallest particle size resulted in the highest torque [27]. 

H. Ismail, H.D. Rozman, R.M. Jaffri, and Z.A. Ishak, Oil palm wood flour reinforced epoxidized natural rubber composites The effect of filler content and size. Eur. Polym. J. 33(10), 1627-1632 (1997). 

Flowering aerial parts of E. purpurea contain less than 0.1% essential oil [14, 21, 67, 69, 74]. Bos et al. [96] showed that it contains borneol, bornyl acetate, pen-tadeca-8-en-2-one, germacrene D, caryophyllene, caryophyllene epoxide and palm-... 

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