Epizootic infection

The in vitro and in vivo effects of sulphated PS were also investigated against the pseudorabies virus (Suid HSV-1), the most notable of which is porcine HSV which has a well-documented history of epizootic infections, especially in Europe [105], In vitro experiments revealed that sulphated PS significantly reduced the number of lytic plaques, but in vivo only heparin protected mice against the pseudorabies virus. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Epizootic lymphangitis, ulcerative lymphangitis, strangles, dourine, melioidosis, and fungal infections. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, peste des petits ruminants, photosensitisation, nasal botfly infestation, pneumonia, akabane infection, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, contagious ecthyma, polyarthritis, footrot, foot abscesses, plant poisonings, and coenurosis. 

The existence of an immune system in mammals, highly effective in protecting against disease after recovery from an initial infection, also has not prevented periodic catastrophic epidemics and epizootics. However, an astute English country doctor, Edward Jenner, noted immunological cross protection against deadly smallpox in English milkmaids who had recovered from mild cowpox. Despite skepticism, ridicule and even hostility of many of his peers, Jenner developed vaccination as one of the safest and most effective mammalian disease preventive measures known. We hope and believe that the same can be accomplished for plants. 

Westergaard, J.M. (1982). Measures applied in Denmark to control the rahies epizootic in 1977-1980. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 5 383-7. 

A series of mass mortalities in aquatic mammals occurred in the last decade. The North Sea harbor seal epizootic of 1988, the US bottle nose dolphin die-off of 1987-1988, mass mortality of Baikal seals in 1987-1988, and mortality in Mediterranean striped dolphin in this decade (1990-1991) are well known. Though the primary cause of death is known to have been infection with a virus, it is highly possible that immuno suppression induced by toxic CBs may have contributed additionally [123]. Congener-specific data on marine mammals to elucidate this fact appeared only in the mid-1980s. 

Manvelian, D., Chautidze, A., Tarasov, M., Beyer, A. Peculiarities of epizootics of plague in scare settlements of Microtus arvalis and tactics of epizootological investigation in the years of low epizootics offocus. Especially dangerous infections. Stavropol Russia, 1987. pp. 91-93. 

Petrov, P., Adamov, A., Naiden, P., Khajakian, G. Some issues of the follow up study of epizootics of plague in mountainous focus of South Caucasus. Prevention of endemic infections. Stavropol Russia, 1983.pp. 95-97. 

Key terms in this chapter include enzootic and epizootic. These refer, respectively, to plague that is normally present in an animal community at all times but that occurs in only a small number of animals and in a mildly virulent form, and to widespread plague infections leading to death within an animal community (ie, equivalent to an epidemic in a human population). The death of a rodent pressures the living fleas to leave that host and seek other mammals, including humans. Understanding these two simple concepts will help us to understand how and when humans may be attacked, both in endemic and biological warfare scenarios. 

Epizootic cycles occur approximately every 5 years. The last large epizootic with a large die-off of rodents (1982-1984) was accompanied by the highest number of humans infected with plague since the urban epidemics of the first quarter of the century. The numbers of rodents slowly recovered to their characteristic levels by 1991, and the stage is now set for another epizootic, with the potential for increased human plague infections.45,46... 

Goats also show an increased disposition for abortion during epizootics of Q fever, and infection in a herd may be maintained by chronic shedding. 

The first large outbreak since the 1969-1971 epizootic occurred in 1995 (Figures 28-1 and 28-2). The epizootic began in northwestern Venezuela and spread across the Guajira peninsula into northeastern Colombia. An estimated 75,000 to 100,000 humans were infected, with more than 20 deaths reported. This outbreak was caused by an IC strain of VEE virus. By sequence analysis, this strain proved to be essentially identical to a virus that caused an outbreak in Venezuela in 1963.30... 

---