Epizootics

Uzokwu M. 1974. Comparative feto-toxicity of organophosphate insecticide in mice. Bulletin of Epizoot Dis Afr 22 161-166. 

Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., and Borrell, A. et al. (1993). Isomer specific analysis and toxic evaluation of PCBs in striped dolphins affected by an epizootic in the western Mediterranean sea. Archives Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25, 227-233. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Epizootic lymphangitis, ulcerative lymphangitis, strangles, dourine, melioidosis, and fungal infections. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, peste des petits ruminants, photosensitisation, nasal botfly infestation, pneumonia, akabane infection, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, contagious ecthyma, polyarthritis, footrot, foot abscesses, plant poisonings, and coenurosis. 

Gordus, A.E. 1993. Lead concentrations in liver and kidneys of snow geese during an avian cholera epizootic in California. Jour. Wild. Dis. 29 582-586. 

Mateo, R., J.C. Dolz, J.M.A. Serrano, J. Belliure, and R. Guitart. 1997a. An epizootic of lead poisoning in greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) in Spain. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 33 131-134. 

Mediterranean Sea 1990-92 30 dead animals killed by morbillivirus epizootic ... 

Borrell, A., A. Aguilar, S. Corsolini, and S. Focardi. 1996. Evaluation of toxicity and sex-related variation of PCB levels in Mediterranean striped dolphins affected by an epizootic. Chemosphere 32 2359-2369. 

Carter, S.D. et ah, Immune responses in common and grey seals during the seal epizootic, Sci. Total Environ., 115, 83, 1992. 

Aguilar, A., Borrell, A., Abnormally high polychlorinated biphenyl levels in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) affected by the 1990-1992 Mediterranean epizootic, Sci. Total Environ., 154, 237, 1994. 

Epizootic 1. Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal population in which the disease occurs with a frequency clearly in excess of the expected frequency in that population during a given time interval. 2. An outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population often with the implication that it may also affect human populations. 

Arthropod parasites and the diseases they transmit are among the most important deterrents to the progress of tropical agriculture in Africa and Central and South America. No general agricultural economy can be entirely successful if domestic animals and poultry are excluded or their husbandry for any reason is unprofitable. In many tropical areas the entire livelihood of families or tribes depends on cattle that are used for food, draft, and as a measure of wealth. Outbreaks of parasites or disease epizootics that decimate or debilitate their animals can mean financial disaster or even famine for these people. 

Some groups of entomopathogenic viruses are capable of causing severe epizootic diseases in insect populations. We consider these viruses excellent natural pest control agents if the host insects are destructive species. Natural epizootics of viral diseases are known to have terminated outbreaks of major forest pests, such as the nun moth in Europe and the Douglas-fir tussock moth in the United States. 

Le Blois H, Fayard B, Urakawa T, Roy P (1991), Synthesis and characterization of chimeric particles between epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus functional domains are conserved on the VP3 protein, J. Virol. 65 4821-4831. 

The existence of an immune system in mammals, highly effective in protecting against disease after recovery from an initial infection, also has not prevented periodic catastrophic epidemics and epizootics. However, an astute English country doctor, Edward Jenner, noted immunological cross protection against deadly smallpox in English milkmaids who had recovered from mild cowpox. Despite skepticism, ridicule and even hostility of many of his peers, Jenner developed vaccination as one of the safest and most effective mammalian disease preventive measures known. We hope and believe that the same can be accomplished for plants. 

---