Epilepsies kindled seizures

Weiss SRB, Post RM, Sohn E, et al Cross tolerance between carbamazepine and valproate on amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsy Res 16 37-44, 1993 Weiss SRB, Clark M, Rosen JB, et al Contingent tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine relationship to loss of endogenous adaptive mechanisms. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20 305-325, 1995 Weissman MM Panic disorder impact on the quality of life. J Clin Psychiatry 52 [suppl) 6-8, 1991... 

Volk, H.A., Potschka, H., and Loscher, W. (2004) Increased expression of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in limbic brain regions after amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. Epilepsy Research, 58 (1), 67-79. 

Mathem G, Bertram E, Babb T, Pretorius J, Kuhlman P, Spradlin S, et al. In contrast to kindled seizures, the frequency of spontaneous epilepsy in the limbic stains model correlates with greater aberrant fascia dentata excitatory and inhibitory axon sprouting, and increased staining forN-methyl-D aspartate, AMPA and GABA-A receptors. Neuroscience 1997 77 1003-1019. 

Lothman, E. W. and Williamson, J. M. Rapid kindling with recurrent hippocampal seizures. Epilepsy Res. 14 209-220,1993. 

The effects of cannabis on seizures is, at best, unpredictable. Although some cannabinoids have antiseizure effects, tolerance rapidly develops. Further, rebound hyperexcitability following THC administration may render these benefits impractical. Indeed, cannabinoids facilitate seizures and kindling in many studies. Certain isolated cannabinoids may eventually prove useful for treating seizures, but cannabis as a whole is not effective. In light of this, individuals with epilepsy are strongly recommended to avoid cannabis. 

Whereas the genetic and kindling models have been widely used to investigate possible neurotransmitter defects that cause different types of epilepsy, rodent models in which seizures are induced by electroshock, or by convulsant drugs such as pentylenetetrazol (also called pentetrazol, leptazol), picrotoxin or bicuculline, are mainly used in screening procedures to identify potential anticonvulsants. 

Yehuda and co-workers were the first to demonstrate that PUFAs can have an anticonvulsant effect in vivo (Yehuda, Carasso Mostofsky, 1994). They administered a mixture of a-linolenic/linoleic acid in a ratio of 1 4 to rats for 3 wk and assessed the protection against acute convulsant doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), repeated subconvulsive doses of PTZ (chemical kindling), in rats made epileptic by a TeCI, injection in the amygdala and in rats made seizure-prone to acoustic stimulation by repeated injection with p-cresol. In all epilepsy models, the treatment either prevented the occurrence of seizures or increased the threshold for convulsions and diminished the severity and duration. 

I The use of anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder has led to speculation about the possibility of a common pathophysiology between epilepsy and severe psychotic disorder. Processes that appear to be similar to kindling phenomena occur in the natural history of bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Most anticonvulsant dmgs with mood-stabilising properties also inhibit the electrically induced kindling of seizure activity in animals. 

Adams, B, Sazgar, M, Osehobo, P, Van der Zee, CE, Diamond, J, Fahnestock, M, Racine, RJ (1997) Nerve growth factor accelerates seizure development, enhances mossy fiber sprouting, and attenuates seizure-induced decreases in neuronal density in the kindling model of epilepsy. J Neurosci, 17 5288-5296. 

Tuunanen, J, Pitkanen, A (2000) Do seizures cause neuronal damage in rat amygdala kindling Epilepsy Res, 39 171-176. 

Models for partial epilepsy employ intracerebral tetanus toxin and kindling (repetitive, initially subconvulsive electrical or chemical stimulation to a focal target, resulting in repetitive seizures). 

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