Epidemiology disciplines

Epidemiology Discipline of science studying the distribution of disease, or other health-related states and events in human populations, as related to age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, and economic status to identify and alleviate health problems and promote better health. 

The pioneering work of the public health specialist William Haddon Jr. brought the epidemiological discipline of host, agent, and environment and the time frames of before, during, and after the crash to the search for preventive measures in traffic safety, and the Haddon matrix revolutionised the way traffic safety professionals thought about both causes and interventions. An example is depicted in Table 5.1 of ways in which measures to help prevent—or minimise injury in—single-vehicle run-off-road crashes into fixed objects. Only one of the several potential measures in each box of the matrix is shown. Once all potential measures were conceived in a... 

Epidemiology operates within the context of public health with a strong emphasis on the prevention of disease through the reduction of factors that may increase the likelihood that an individual or group will suffer a given disease. Implicit in the practice of epidemiology is the need for different disciplines in studying the influence of occupation on human health. 

Central to epidemiology is the use of rates to express the health experience of populations. Rates arc important because epidemiology is inherently a comparative discipline. An epidemiologist is constantly attempting to compare the disease experience of a study population with that of a comparison population, A rate is nothing more than a specialized proportion in which the counts of people with a particular disease are placed over a denominator that is composed of people who are at risk, i,e, who have a chance of dcr cloping the disease. Men, for example, would not be included in the denominator used to calculate the prevalence or incidence of uterine cancer,... 

Epidemiology is a discipline within the health sciences that deals with the study of the occurrence of disease in human populations. Epidemiologists arc generally concerned with groups of people who share certain characteristics. 

Scientists skilled in epidemiology, toxicology, and related disciplines collect and evaluate all of the scientific literature containing information regarding the types of toxic effect the chemical under review has been shown to produce. Toxic effects include one or more of the many manifestations of toxicity described earlier in this book. The list of adverse health effects produced by the chemical are said to constitute its toxic hazards, and the critical review and evaluation leading to the list is the hazard identification step. A discussion of the extent to which causal associations with human disease or toxic harm have been established is an important aspect of this step. 

The TLVs and BEIs are health-based values established by committees that review existing published and peer-reviewed literature in various scientific disciplines (e.g., industrial hygiene, toxicology, occupational medicine, and epidemiology). TLVs have been recommended for more than 700 chemical substances and physical agents and there are more than 50 BEIs that cover more than 80 chemical substances. Documentations provide the rationale for the TLVs and BEIs these can be purchased via the ACGIH Web site (ACGIH 2007). 

Pharmacoepidemiology is traditionally defined as the discipline concerned with the study of the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people. It applies epidemiologic methods, knowledge, and reasoning to the subject of clinical pharmacology and... 

The discipline of child and adolescent psychiatry is acknowledged as a medical specialty or subspecialty in almost all European countries. The historical development of the discipline of child and adolescent psychiatry varies across Europe. Generally, however, four traditions have made substantial contributions to the current orientation of European child psychiatric institutions the neuropsychiatric tradition, the remedial clinical tradition, the psychodynamic-psychoanalytical tradition, and the empirical, epidemiological, statistical tradition. 

An innovative aspect of this course, which was nominally chemical and biological in emphasis, included medical geography and epidemiology to analyze the spread of avian flu. This activity reinforced the idea, very early in a student s career, that health-related issues are inherently complex and multidisciplinary in nature, extending beyond the STEM disciplines to the social sciences. In the spirit of John Snow, the father of... 

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