Enzymes molecular assemblies

In biological systems molecular assemblies connected by non-covalent interactions are as common as biopolymers. Examples arc protein and DNA helices, enzyme-substrate and multienzyme complexes, bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), and aggregates of biopolymers forming various aqueous gels, e.g, the eye lens. About 50% of the organic substances in humans are accounted for by the membrane structures of cells, which constitute the medium for the vast majority of biochemical reactions. Evidently organic synthesis should also develop tools to mimic the Structure and propertiesof biopolymer, biomembrane, and gel structures in aqueous media. 

A jV-Methylenebisacrylamide 163 jV-Methylolacrylamide 163 Microphase structure 55, 63 Mitochondrial matrix enzymes 159 Molecular assembly systems 52... 

One of the key technologies required for fabricating biomolecular electronic devices concerns with molecular assembly of electronic proteins such as redox enzymes in monolayer scale on the electrode surface. Furthermore the molecularly assembled electronic proteins are required to be electronically communicated with the electrode. Individual protein molecules on the electrode surface should be electronically accessed through the electrode. 

Eukaryotic ABC transport system Phosphotransferase system (PTS) Ion-coupled transport system Signal Transduction Two-component system Bacterial chemotaxis MAPK signaling pathway Second messenger signaling pathway Ligand-Receptor Interaction G-protein-coupled receptors Ion-channel-linked receptors Cytokine receptors Molecular Assembly Ribosome assembly Flagellar assembly Enzyme assembly... 

Many molecules including biopolymers participate in biological functions as a molecular assembly or tissue the self-assembly of the microtublin of bacterial flagella, antigen-antibody reactions, the high activity and selectivity of enzymes, etc. are skillfully and accurately achieved by intermacromolecular interactions. 

ATP synthase. This enzyme is a molecular assembly that transduces the free energy associated with a proton gradient to the chemical energy associated with ATP. The proton gradient drives the rotation of one component of the assembly within the other. This rotational motion in turn drives the synthesis and release of ATP. 

A molecular assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane carries out the synthesis of ATP. This enzyme complex was originally called the mitochon-drial A TPase or F ATPase because it was discovered through its catalysis of the... 

Sol-gel materials have found most promise in exploiting enzyme-based redox chemistry. The larger porosity and the very simple methods of entrapment have facilitated the use of enzyme sol-gel systems. Lack of a regular pore structure makes the architecture of molecular assemblies difficult with sol gel materials,... 

The very large amount of data currently available on the Cu2Zn2 SOD enz5mie has enabled a deep understanding of its function and to the rationalization of most aspects of its chemistry and biochemistry. Different techniques have allowed the enzyme to be probed in all its aspects, from the finest details of the active site electronic structure to the overall description of its molecular assembly. The theoretical work has further completed and linked most aspects of this information. However, some parts of the picture are still fuzzy. There are aspects that in our opinion need further study ... 

Biochemical reactions take place in the hydrophobic centers of membranes or enzyme clefts. Aqueous compartments of biological cells are usually taboo media for the formation of small molecular assemblies or covalent compounds. There is, however, one notable exception, namely the formation of inclusion... 

The study of molecular recognition has evolved around the principles of biological functions, such as substrate binding to a receptor protein, enzyme reactions, assembly of protein-protein complexes, immunological antigen-... 

The diverse class of polypeptides allows for the realization of, on the one hand, high-performance construction materials, such as dragline spider silk, microtubules, or collagen fibers. On the other hand, (multi)functional molecules or molecular assemblies can be found, for example, necessary for biocatalysis (enzymes) or for the function of the immune system (immune globulins). Moreover, proteins participate in the storage and the directed transport of materials in biological systems and are essential components for the communication in complex biosystems in form of, for example, cell-surface markers, receptors, regulators, or hormones. 

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