Enzymes feed additives

Bacitracin. Bacitracin, a cycHc peptide active against gram-positive bacteria, was discovered in 1943. Bacitracin received dmg certification in 1949 (60—62). Whereas human usage of bacitracin is almost exclusively topical, the vast majority of bacitracin manufactured worldwide is used as an animal feed additive. Reviews of work on bacitracin include its chemistry (63—67), comprehensive aspects (62), medical aspects (62,68), biosynthesis on large enzyme complexes and genetics (69—71), and production (71,72). 

Specialty chemicals are formulations of chemicals containing one or more fine chemicals as active ingredients. They are identified according to performance properties. Customers are trades outside the chemical industry and the public. Specialty chemicals are usually sold under brand names. Suppliers have to provide product information. Subcategories are adhesives, agrochemicals, biocides, catalysts, dyestuffs and pigments, enzymes, electronic chemicals, flavors and fragrances, food and feed additives, pharmaceuticals, and specialty polymers (see Chapter 11). 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient in nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective in the prevention of muscular dystrophy in animals. Sodium selenite is administered to prevent exudative diathesis in chicks, a condition in which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease in sheep and infertility in ewes (see Feed additives). Selenium lessens the incidence of pneumonia in lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica in pigs and decreases muscular inflammation in horses. White muscle disease, widespread in sheep and catde of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant in high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1974 (see Feed additives). Much of selenium s metabolic activity results from its involvement in the selenoprotein enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

Lactose [63-42-3] - [CARBOHYDRATES] (Vol 4) - [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) - [FEEDS AND FEED ADDITIVES - RUMINANT FEEDS] (Vol 10) - [SUGAR- SPECIAL SUGARS] (Vol 23) - [FINECHEMICALS - STANDARDS] (Vol 10) -compared to suaose [SUGAR - PROPERTIES OF SUCROSE] (Vol 23) -enzymatic degradation [ENZYME APPLICATIONS - THERAPEUTIC] (Vol 9) -use in antibiotic fermentation [ANTIBIOTICS - BETA-LACTAMS - CEPHALOSPORINS] (Vol 3)... 

Since keratinase is a versatile protease that digests all kinds of proteins, it is possible that supplementation of the enzyme in feed may improve the feed digestibility. In 2001 keratinase was tested as a feed additive. The first test in young chicks was positive, and reproduced by many more experiments 0.1% of crude keratinase in a regular corn-soy diet improved the body weight gain, the feed conversion ratio (FCR), or feed efficiency in broiler chickens. Numerous experiments included the cage tests of chicks to 3-4 weeks of age (Odetellah et al., 2003), pen trials on a research farm to 6 week market age (Odetellah et al, 2005), and the commercial tests conducted by private com-... 

About 6,0001 of the animal feed additive calcium-D-pantothenate are produced annually via D-pantolactone (d-112) (Scheme 35, left side).D-Pantolactone itself is an important chiral intermediate for chemical synthesis and a chiral resolution agent for optically pure amines. Optically pure d-112 is for instance produced by Fuji Chemical Industries by using the D-specific 1,4-lactone hydroxy-acylhydrolase from Fusarium oxysporum [100-102], an enzyme that catalyzes the stereospecific hydrolysis of various kinds of lactones. Treatment of mc-112 leads to an exclusive hydrolysis of d-112 the hydroxy acid d-113 can be easily separated from the remaining lactone l-1 12 and is subsequently chemically con-... 

Hundreds of applications have been mentioned in the Zweig (1968) review acids, alkaloids, amino acids, antibiotics, antioxidants, food and feed additives, bases and amines, bile acids, carbonyls, dyes, enzymes, lipids, hydrocarbons, hormones, indoles, natural products, peptides, proteins, pesticides, plant growth regulators, pharmaceutical products, phenols, pigments (chlorophylls, xanthophylls, porphyrins, melanin, pterins, pteridines, anthocyanins, ilavonoids, etc.), polymers, purine and pyrimidine derivatives, quinones, RNA, DNA, organic sulfur compounds, steroids, sugars, toxins, vitamins, inorganic ions, and others. 

Another example from a significant but often overlooked market is the feed additive industry. Phytase is an enzyme added to feed enabling swine and poultry to utilize the typical plant phosphate storage compound phytic add... 

In order to improve the quahty of fish mixed feed, some enzyme, probiotic, prebiotic and probiotic/enzyme combination feed additives are used, as well as complex probiotic preparations enriched with phytocomponents. 

The PBS can potentially enhance forage digestibility as feed additives or forage conditioner to provide the following functions (1) facilitate subsfiate accessibility by rumen bacteria via modification of the interfacial energy (2) increase the wettability and dispersibility of subsfiates (3) provide enzyme stability in cases where enzyme supplementation is practiced. 

Chitosan is used as a livestock and fish feed additive, as a non-absorbable carrier for certain dyes and nutrients used in food preparation and also in enzyme and live cell immobilization [170]. 

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