Enzootics

Good ventilation in buildings is essential to minimise the incidence of pneumonia. Buildings that seem exposed by human standards are much healthier for cattle than those with a stuffy atmosphere. Stale, humid air, laden with dust, is a recipe for enzootic pneumonia. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Pasteurellosis species. 

College of Veterinary Medicine. "Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis Teschen Disease, Talfan Disease, Poliomyelitis Suum, Benign Enzootic Paresis." Iowa State University, August 5, 2005. 

Deaths in rats resulting from single-exposure concentration/duration combinations expected to produce 50%-90% mortality usually occurred within 24 hours. These deaths were attributed to cardiac or respiratory failure and were probably a direct effect of 1,2-dibromoethane toxicity. Deaths resulting from exposure concentration/duration combinations expected to produce 0.01%-50% mortality occurred as long as 12 days after exposure and were due to pneumonia. The authors attributed pneumonia to 1,2-dibromoethane-induced lung injury, but this lesion could also have been due to intercurrent bacterial or mycoplasmal pulmonary infection. Rats free of enzootic respiratory infections were not available in 1952. More contemporary inhalation studies of 1,2-dibromoethane using commercially produced rats (Nitschke et al. 1981 NTP 1982) did not report pneumonic lesions or pneumonia-related mortality. 

Enzootic foci Locations where a disease has become endemic in a nonhuman population. 

B14. Bennetts, H. W., and Chapman, F. E., Copper deficiency in sheep in Western Australia A preliminary account of the etiology of enzootic ataxia in lambs and an anaemia of ewes. Australian Vet. J. 13, 138-149 (1937). 

Individuals with ongoing risk of exposure—either continuous risk (e.g., research laboratory staff or those involved in rabies biologies production) or individuals with frequent exposures (e.g., those involved with rabies diagnosis, spelunkers, veterinarians, animal control workers, and wildlife workers in rabies-enzootic areas) should undergo serologic testing every 6 months and 2 years, respectively, to monitor rabies antibody concentrations. An IM or intradermal booster dose is recommended if the complete vims nentralization is below 1 5 semm dilution by the rapid flnorescent foens inhibition test. 

The natural factors of Aral Sea regression and Caspian Sea transgression were considered when determining plague-focus epidemic potential. The expansion of zone enzootics in the shoaled parts of the Aral Sea was revealed. The water level in the Caspian Sea rose 2 m, changing the contours of the coastal site. Raised subsoil in the waters has changed the microclimate in rodent holes, which has resulted in the dying off of fleas and the sanitation of foci. 

There is another and even more serious problem to be considered. All living things in such a target area would inhale the aerosol. This would involve a variety of animals and birds, both domestic and wild. There might be some very serious consequences from this, in that new enzootic foci of disease might be established—for example, an aerosol of the plague bacillus might seek out rats in their burrows or squirrels in their dens. 

Pigs used in this study have been, for the most part, arthritic. Mycoplasmal arthritis is common in large herds, and is enzootic in the SIU herd. 

Ptaquiloside-like illudanes are not unique to Pteridium sp. On the one hand, ptaquiloside itself was discovered in the rock fern Cheilanthes sieberi from the southwestern Pacific [265]. This fem was investigated in view that it thrived in bracken-free farms in parts of Australia that had a history of bovine or ovine enzootic hematuria. The content of ptaquiloside was highest in the crozier and amounted to 0.034% of the fem biomass, only a fraction of the ptaquiloside found in Pteridium but still high... 

Kettmann R., Cleuter Y., Mammerickx M., Meunier-Rotival M., Bernard G., Burny A., Chantrenne H., (1980). Genomic integration of bovine leukemia provirus comparison of persistent lymphocytosis with lymph node tumor form of enzootic bovine leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 2577-2581. 

Key terms in this chapter include enzootic and epizootic. These refer, respectively, to plague that is normally present in an animal community at all times but that occurs in only a small number of animals and in a mildly virulent form, and to widespread plague infections leading to death within an animal community (ie, equivalent to an epidemic in a human population). The death of a rodent pressures the living fleas to leave that host and seek other mammals, including humans. Understanding these two simple concepts will help us to understand how and when humans may be attacked, both in endemic and biological warfare scenarios. 

Enzootic VEE virus subtypes, as described above, are maintained quite efficiently in transmission cycles involving mainly mosquitoes belonging to... 

Use of an effective vaccine in horses would prevent outbreaks of epizootic VEE, as equines are the major amplifying species for VEE virus. Vaccination of horses is not a useful public health tool for EEE, WEE, or enzootic VEE, however, since horses are not important as amplifying hosts for these diseases. Investigational formalin-inactivated vaccines for humans are available for WEE and EEE, but they require multiple injections and are poorly immunogenic. Insecticide measures of vector control may also have an impact on ameliorating epidemic transmission. 

Scherer WF, Cupp EW, Dziem GM, Breener RJ, Ordonez JV. Mesenteronal infection threshold of an epizootic strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus mosquitoes and its implication to the apparent disappearance of this virus strain from an enzootic habitat in Guatemala. Am 1 Trop Med Hyg. 1982 31 1030-1037. 

Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Trent DW. Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses may have evolved from enzootic VEE subtype 1-D virus. Virology. 1992 191 569-580. 

Weaver SC, Scherer WF, Cupp EW, Castello DA. Barriers to dissemination of Venezuelan encephalitis viruses in the middle American enzootic vector mosquito, Culex (melanoconion) taeniopus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 33 953-960. 

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