Environmental science radionuclides

Cochran JK, Bacon MP, Krishnaswami S, Turekian KK (1983) °Po and °Pb distributions in the central and eastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 433-445 Cochran JK, Livingston HD, Hirschberg DJ, Surprenant LD (1987) Natural and anthropogenic radionuclide distributions in the northwest Atlantic-ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84 135-152 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistiy of the uranium and thorium-series nuclides In Uranium-series disequihbrium applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Oxford University Press, New York, p 334-395... 

Cochran JK (1984) The fates of U and Th decay series nuclides in the estuarine environment. In The Estuary as a Filter. Kennedy VS (ed) Academic Press, London, p 179-220 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistry of the uranium - and thorium - series nuclides. In Uranium-series Disequilibrium Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 334-395 Cochran JK, Masque P (2003) Short-lived U/Th-series radionuclides in the ocean tracers for scavenging rates, export fluxes and particle dynamics. Rev Mineral Geochem 52 461-492 Cochran JK, Carey AE, Sholkovitz ER, Surprenant LD (1986) The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal marine-sediments and sediment pore waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 663-680 Corbett DR, Chanton J, Burnett W, Dillon K, Rutkowski C. (1999) Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Linrnol Oceanogr 44 1045-1055... 

ToranL. 1994. Radionuclide contamination in groundwater Is there a problem In Environmental science pollution control series. New York, NY M. Dekker, 437-455. 

Bergman R. (1994) The distribution of radioactive caesium in boreal forest ecosystems. In Nordic Radioecology, the Transfer of Radionuclides through Nordic Ecosystems to Man Studies in Environmental Science. Studies in Environmental Science (ed. H. Dahlgaard). Elsevier, New York, vol. 62, pp. 335-379. 

Kersten, M., Leipe, T., Tauber, F., 2005. Storm disturbance of sediment contaminants at a hot-spot in the Baltic Sea assessed by 234Th radionuclide tracer profiles. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 984—990. 

Moore WS (1992) Radionuclides of the uranium and thorium decay series in the estuarine environment. In Ivanovich M and Harmon RS (eds.) Uranium Series Disequilibrium. Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, 2nd edn. pp. 334-395. Oxford Clarenden Press. 

No general statement can be made about the elements that can be determined and the samples that can be analyzed, because these depend on the nuclear characteristics of the target nuclide (isotopic abundance), the nuclear reaction (cross-section and related parameters such as threshold energy and Coulomb barrier), and the radionuclide induced (half-life, radiation emitted, energy, and its intensity) for the analyte element, the possible interfering elements and the major components of the sample. CPAA can solve a number of important analytical problems in material science (e.g., determination of boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen impurities in very pure materials such as copper or silicon) and environmental science (e.g., determination of the toxic elements cadmium, thallium, and lead in solid environmental samples). As these problems cannot be solved by NAA, CPAA and NAA are complementary to each other. 

The last two decades have seen an increased interest in the use of supercritical fluids in separation science. Supercritical C02 has often been employed as a naturally occurring medium for the separation, purification, and determination of organic substances in environmental samples. However, there are only limited reports on the use of supercritical fluid as solvent in the separation of metal ions from solutions as well as various solid matrices. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology offers several advantages over conventional solvent-based methods, including the ability to extract radionuclides directly from solids, easy separation of solutes from C02, and minimization of waste generation. It can easily be removed from the extracted substances by degasification under atmospheric pressure and temperature. 

Hetherington, J.A. (1976) The behaviour of plutonium nuclides in the Irish Sea. In Environmental Toxicity of Aquatic Radionuclides, eds. M.W. Miller and J.N. Stannard, 81-106. Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Dr Jessica Avivar Cerezo bom in Palma de Mallorca (Spain), and graduated from the University of the Balearic Islands (Spain) in chemistry, where she also developed her PhD in chemical science and technology. She is the coauthor of a book chapter related to environmental monitoring. Dr Avivar has published approximately 20 research articles and has presented more than 20 contributions at international conferences related with the environment, automation, and radioactivity. Researcher at the University of the Balearic Islands, secretary of the Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity (LaboRA) and member of the university spin-off Sciware Systems, S.L. Her research has been mainly focused in the development of automated approaches for radionuclides environmental monitoring. 

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