Environmental Protection Agency, See

EPA (1984) Health and environmental effects profile for brominated diphenyl ethers. Environ criteria and assessment office, Cincinnati. US Environmental Protection Agency, (see also... 

For up-to-date information from the Environmental Protection Agency, see http //www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/ phaseout/mdi/... 

In terms of the descriptors used in the prediction of skin permeability coefficients, the octanol-water partition coefficient F is a well-established measure of hydro-phobicity (Dearden, 1990). There is a variety of algorithms to calculate log P, including Web-based programs and the KOWWIN software, which is part of the EPISuite utility. EPISuite is available free from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (see Cronin and Livingstone, 2004b, for more details EPISuite can be downloaded from http //www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/docs/episuite.htm). Molecular size is well modeled by molecular weight, which of course is fimdamental and trivial to calculate. 

In 1993,30 billion pounds of chemicals were released to air, land and water as tracked by the Toxic Release Inventory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (see Figure 1). While this data covers releases from a variety of industrial sectors, it includes only 365 of the approximately 70,(XX) chemicals available in commerce today. Of the industrial sectors that are covered by the toxic release inventory, the chemical manufacturing sector is understandably the largest releaser of chemicals to the environment, releasing more than 4 times as many pounds to the environment as the next highest sector (see Figure 2). 

No standard procedure for aqueous extraction ( leaching ) has yet been developed. Furthermore, the technique may well have to be varied as a function of the material. Sampling and extraction procedures considered by the American Petroleum Institute, the American Society for Testing Methods and Materials, and the Environmental Protection Agency (see also HameM/. ) may be applicable. 

EPA, 2014. Causes of CUmate Change. United States Environmental Protection Agency. See. http //www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causesJitml (accessed on 21.11.14.). 

For an excellent, comprehensive review of the chemistry, environmental, and anthropogenic release, environmental fate, and environmental and human health effects of lead, see Air Quality Criteria for Eead, Vol. I—IV, EPA-600/8-83/028a-dF, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., June 1986, -Msd Air Quality Criteria for Eead Supplement to the 1986 Addendum, EPA-600/8-89/049F, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1990. 

Chlor—alkah production is the largest iadustrial source of mercury release ia the United States (see Alkali and chlorine products). For the 1991 reporting year, chlor—alkah faciUties accounted for almost 20% of the faciUties that reported releases of mercury to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for inclusion onto the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) (25). 

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

Approximately 5% of the U.S. consumption of is in agriculture. Boron is a necessary trace nutrient for plants and is added in small quantities to a number of fertilizers. Borates are also used in crop sprays for fast rehef of boron deficiency. Borates, when apphed at relatively high concentration, act as nonselective herbicides. Small quantities of borates are used in the manufacture of alloys and refractories (qv). Molten borates readily dissolve other metal oxides usage as a flux in metallurgy is an important apphcation. Other important small volume apphcations for borates are in fire retardants for both plastics and ceUulosic materials, in hydrocarbon fuels for fungus control, and in automotive antifreeze for corrosion control (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). Borates are used as neutron absorbers in nuclear reactors. Several borates, which are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can be used for insecticidal purposes, eg, TIM-BOR. 

Cement plants in the United States are now carehiUy monitored for compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for emissions of particulates, SO, NO, and hydrocarbons. AH plants incorporate particulate collection devices such as baghouses and electrostatic precipitators (see Air POLLUTION CONTROL methods). The particulates removed from stack emissions are called cement kiln dust (CKD). It has been shown that CKD is characterized by low concentrations of metals which leach from the CKD at levels far below regulatory limits (63,64). Environmental issues continue to be of concern as the use of waste fuel in cement kilns becomes more widespread. 

Fig. 4-8. Sulfur dioxide concentration versus averaging time and frequency for 1980 at U S. National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) Site 264280007 HOI, 8227 S. Broadway, St. Loutis, Missouri. Source Chart courtesy of Dr. Ralph Larsen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC see also Fig. 19-13.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the federal agency responsible for regulating air quality. See also EPA Web site. 

American Petrofina, See TotalFinaElf (France), 216 American Petroleum Institute (API), 268 American Plastics Council (APC), 268 American Polyolefin Association, Inc. (APA), 268 American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, 289 American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), 268... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1997). EPA s Revised Particulate Matter Standards. Pact Sheet (July). Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. Utility Data Institute. (1995). UDI Sees Electricity Demand Surging with Global Economy. Wind Energy Weekly o. 648 (May 29). 

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