Maritime environment

The OSPAR Contracting Parties have in the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic agreed to take all necessary steps to eliminate and prevent pollution AND to take the necessary measures to protect the maritime environment against the effects of human activities and to safeguard human health... 

In alpine regions, especially in maritime climates, snow depths may be considerable. This insulates the stream environment from subzero temperatures. River ice is an important environmental component of alpine rivers and has resulted in adaptive mechanisms among the fauna [50, 51]. Despite these adaptations, winter conditions inevitably cause high mortality to stream invertebrates and fish, especially in reaches with unstable snow and ice cover and thereby susceptible to formation of frazil and anchor ice. The lack of winter ice cover in lake outflows and groundwater-fed reaches provides a favourable environment for primary producers and those benthic invertebrates utilising primary production [52]. 

Miller, C. A. Report of Spruce Budworm Pheromone Trials, Maritimes, 1978. Pep. Environ. CFS, Fredericton. File Report 1980. 

The authors wish to thank Mr. Ed. G. Kettela of the Maritimes Forest Research Centre (Environment Canada) in Fredericton, N.B. for field work assistance, S.Y. Szeto and J. Feng for technical advice, C. Feng and R. Nott for the technical assistance and Cindy Beith for her excellent help in the preparation of this manuscript. 

Dewailly E, Ryan J, Laliberte C, et al. 1994. Exposure of remote maritime populations to coplanar PCBs. Environ Health Perspectives S102(l) 205-209. 

Sunderland, E.M., and Chmura, GL. (2000) An inventory of historical mercury pollution in Maritime Canada implications for present and future contamination. Sci. Total Environ. 256, 39-57. 

Examples of cathodic protection with impressed current are, at the present time, protection of steel pipelines in maritime environments or in subsoil. An important example of anodic protection is in the storage of acids in steel tanks—the anodic current passivates the steel (see Fig. 16.1a). 

The intention of the authorities, with the restriction of chemical leaking paints was to reduce the release of toxic substances to the sensitive productive coastal areas (Kemi 1998a). The Baltic Sea is considered an environmentally sensitive area, which later was acknowledged internationally by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO 2005) and classified as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSS A) in 2004 (IMO 2005). This was based on its unique environment, with low salinity and low biodiversity. Also, the Baltic Sea is in an evolutionary perspective a young sea and the organisms live in a very stressful environment, as they have not had time to fully adapt to the brackish water conditions (Kautsky and Tedengren 1992 Ryden et al. 2003). 

Testing and evaluation. The maritime environment introduces unique factors that should be explicitly considered before accepting equipment from the Joint CBD Program and developing procedures for its use. The Navy s research, development, testing, and evaluation (RDT E) community is limited in its capa-... 

Review all Joint CBD Program efforts to assess how well they will meet operational requirements in the maritime environment. 

Radar is a valuable sensor for the maritime environment. It can provide information about a great variety of features and processes, such as wind, waves, currents, ships, bathymetry and natural and man-made slicks. When oil spills are at issue, the pertinent questions are location, extent, thickness, type and age, and the prediction of these. Some of these questions may be answered on the basis of imaging radar data. At the same time, also natural slicks alter the radar properties of the sea surface, thereby complicating the interpretation of radar imagery when the interest is aimed at other features. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of slicks, both man-made and natural, in radar images. 

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