Environment-friendly performance

A. L. Andrady, Pavement Marking Materials Assessing Environment-Friendly Performance., in NCHRP Report 392, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 46. 

In an article dealing with applications of olefin CM to a series of commercial products [138], solvent-free CM between ( )-3-hexene (produced by homocoupling of 1-butene) and 11-eicosenyl acetate 303 (produced from jojoba oil) was used to produce acetate 304 (Scheme 59), which is - as a natural 82 18 (EIZ) mixture - the pheromone of omnivorous leafroller, and serves as an environment-friendly pest controlling agent. The CM reaction was performed without solvent at 5 °C with a 4 1 mixture of ( )-3-hexene and 303, in the presence of only 0.2 mol% catalyst C, and furnished after 20 h coupling product 304 ( Z=83 17) in 50% yield. 

Polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose have been used as reinforcing agents in natural rubber. Both solution blending and dry mixing methods have been employed for the development of biocomposites and the performance compared with the composites obtained using carbon black. Dry mixing method is more economically viable and environment friendly. 

Ammonium nitrate (AN) was considered early as an environment-friendly alternative to AP but its multiple crystal phase-transitions at low temperatures and its poor performance precluded its use. The nitramine-based propellants are also likely to emerge as potential eco-friendly propellants as the combustion products are non-toxic and non-smoky, although the present day nitramine propellants do not match the high performance and high burn rates of AP-based composite propellants [62, 63]. At the same time, high pressure exponent and unstable combustion prevent their application in large rockets due to safety considerations [20]. The inclusion of Al powder and other additives increases the burn rate and also eliminates the combustion instability. 

In conclusion, while being environment-friendly, the asymmetric construction in aqueous electrolyte offers electrochemical characteristics comparable with EDLCs in organic electrolytes. Combining materials with pseudocapacitance properties in an asymmetric cell is a very promising issue for developing a new generation of high-performance supercapacitors. 

Unlike the past work, this work focuses on optimal design and operation of multivessel batch distillation column with fixed product demand and strict product specifications. Both the vapour load and number of stages in each column section are optimised to maximise a profit function. For a ternary mixture, the performance of the multivessel column is also evaluated against that of a conventional batch distillation column. Although the profitability and the annual capitalised cost (investment) of the multivessel column is within 2-3% compared to those of conventional column, the operating cost (an indirect measure of the energy cost and environmental impact) is more than 30% lower for multivessel column. Thus, for a given separation task, multivessel column is more environment friendly. 

Mohsin, M., Ahmad, S.W., Khatii, A., Zahid, B., 2013. Performance enhancement of fire retardant finish with environment friendly bio-cross-linker for cotton. J. Clean. Prod. 51, 191-195. 

Chapter 7 examines the use of plasma treatment for the modification of polymeric membranes. Plasma treatment is carried out at the manbrane surface so that the beneficial properties of the bulk material remain unchanged. Surface properties such as roughness and functionality can be altered to improve the performance of the membrane. All these processes are very quick and the time taken for modification is usually a few seconds up to a few minutes. The method uses chemicals in the gaseous form and produces very small amounts of wastes. Among all techniques of membrane surface modification, plasma treatment seems to be the most versatile and environment-friendly. The authors of Chapter 7 discuss how these benefits impact on membrane modification strategies. 

Besides, it is worth mentioning that despite ionic liquids having the appropriate composition might be an alternative to the less environment friendly H2SO4 and HF acids, it would be much more interesting from the practical viewpoint to immobilize these ionic liquids on solid supports so as the resulting catalyst contains ionic complexes in which either anion or cation is covalently bonded to the porous carrier (70,71). In this respect, it has been shown that the imidazolium-type ionic liquid immobilized on a high surface area (946 m /g) ordered mesoporous silica (Si-MCM-41) performed relatively well for the alkylation reaction at temperatures around 80° C, with a selectivity to isooctanes of about 60 wt% (72). Nevertheless, as usually occurs in solid acid alkylation, the activity of immobilized IL catalyst starts to fall at a certain time on stream after which butenes dimerization instead of alkylation becomes the predominant reaction (72). 

Supplementation with 48 mg EOC/kg to the broiler diet signi cantly improved the body weight gain, FCR, and carcass yield compared to other dietary treatments on 42 days of age. EOC may be considered as a potential growth promoter in the future of the new era, which agrees with pro ducer needs for increased performance and today s consumer demands for environment-friendly... 

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