Enol ethers lithium enolate synthesis

Malonates, lithium enolates and silyl enol ethers in one synthesis Other metal enolates... 

The formation of the above anions ("enolate type) depend on equilibria between the carbon compounds, the base, and the solvent. To ensure a substantial concentration of the anionic synthons in solution the pA" of both the conjugated acid of the base and of the solvent must be higher than the pAT -value of the carbon compound. Alkali hydroxides in water (p/T, 16), alkoxides in the corresponding alcohols (pAT, 20), sodium amide in liquid ammonia (pATj 35), dimsyl sodium in dimethyl sulfoxide (pAT, = 35), sodium hydride, lithium amides, or lithium alkyls in ether or hydrocarbon solvents (pAT, > 40) are common combinations used in synthesis. Sometimes the bases (e.g. methoxides, amides, lithium alkyls) react as nucleophiles, in other words they do not abstract a proton, but their anion undergoes addition and substitution reactions with the carbon compound. If such is the case, sterically hindered bases are employed. A few examples are given below (H.O. House, 1972 I. Kuwajima, 1976). 

An excellent method for the diastereoselective synthesis of substituted amino acids is based on optically active bislactim ethers of cyclodipeptides as Michael donors (Schollkopf method, see Section 1.5.2.4.2.2.4.). Thus, the lithium enolates of bislactim ethers, from amino acids add in a 1,4-fashion to various a,/i-unsaturated esters with high diastereofacial selectivity (syn/anti ratios > 99.3 0.7-99.5 0.5). For example, the enolate of the lactim ether derivative 6, prepared from (S)-valine and glycine, adds in a highly stereoselective manner to methyl ( )-3-phenyl-propenoate a cis/trans ratio of 99.6 0.4 and a syn/anti ratio of 91 9, with respect to the two new stereogenic centers, in the product 7 are found105, los. 

Among the preformed enol derivatives used in this way have been enolates of magnesium, lithium, titanium, zirconium, and tin, ° silyl enol ethers, enol borinates,and enol borates, R CH=CR"—OB(OR)2. The nucleophilicity of silyl enol ethers has been examined. In general, metallic Z enolates give the syn (or erythro) pair, and this reaction is highly useful for the diastereoselective synthesis of these products. The ( ) isomers generally react nonstereoselectively. However, anti (or threo) stereoselectivity has been achieved in a number of cases, with titanium enolates, with magnesium enolates, with certain enol bor-inates, and with lithium enolates at — 78°C. ... 

Palladium-catalyzed bis-silylation of methyl vinyl ketone proceeds in a 1,4-fashion, leading to the formation of a silyl enol ether (Equation (47)).121 1,4-Bis-silylation of a wide variety of enones bearing /3-substituents has become possible by the use of unsymmetrical disilanes, such as 1,1-dichloro-l-phenyltrimethyldisilane and 1,1,1-trichloro-trimethyldisilane (Scheme 28).129 The trimethylsilyl enol ethers obtained by the 1,4-bis-silylation are treated with methyllithium, generating lithium enolates, which in turn are reacted with electrophiles. The a-substituted-/3-silyl ketones, thus obtained, are subjected to Tamao oxidation conditions, leading to the formation of /3-hydroxy ketones. This 1,4-bis-silylation reaction has been extended to the asymmetric synthesis of optically active /3-hydroxy ketones (Scheme 29).130 The key to the success of the asymmetric bis-silylation is to use BINAP as the chiral ligand on palladium. Enantiomeric excesses ranging from 74% to 92% have been attained in the 1,4-bis-silylation. 

The nucleophilic carbon centres of lithium enolates may also be pyrami-dalized, though there is little experimental evidence of this (Seebach et al., 1985, 1991). Silyl enol ethers are generally planar, but two (67 R = Ph and OMe] derived from an imidazolidinone used in amino acid synthesis show... 

This strategy was very recently used for the total synthesis of 5-Araneosene. In the first step of the synthesis, methyl rert-butyldimethylsilyl ketone 47 was treated with 2-propenyllithium 48 in ether and then with 2-isopropylallyl bromide 49 in THF to give the (Z)-enol silyl ether 50 in 82% yield. The sequence of reactions that leads to 50 includes (1) carbonyl addition of 48, (2) Brook isomerization and (3) allylation of the resulting ally lie lithium reagent (equation 18) ". ... 

Retro-Brook rearrangement is relatively common and enjoys widespread application in many facets of organic synthesis. For example, vinylsilane synthesis from aUyloxysUane (eqnation 103)"°, allylsilane synthesis (eqnation 104)"°, and lithium eno-late formation from silyl enol ether (equation 105)" were reported. 

The synthesis of (-t-)-benzoylselenopederic acid (569) (477) (Scheme 71), the left-hand half of pederin (147), began with (-f-)-3-keto imide 570, which was subjected to the recently developed syn-directing Zn(BH4)2 reduction (482) to give 5yn-a-methyl-3-hydroxy acid derivative 571. Imide 571, after protection of the hydroxyl group as the THP ether, was reduced with DIBAH, and the resulting aldehyde was treated with lithium enolate of tm-butyl acetate to give the p-... 

Deprotonation of the 9-azabicyclo 3.3.11nonan-3-one derivative 1 with chiral lithium amides in tetrahdyrofuran at low temperatures in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane (internal quench) gives the trimethylsilyl enol ether (lS,5/ )-2 in high yield with high enantiomeric excess. The absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess of 2 are based on chemical correlation and HPLC on a chiral Daicel OJ column, respectively38. The 2,2-dimethylpropyl- and 4-methyl-l-piperazinyl- substituted lithium amide is, as noted in other cases, superior. The bicyclic trimethylsilyl enol ether 2 serves as intermediate in the synthesis of piperidine alkaloids. 

The first reference to 2-trimethylsilyloxy-l,3-butadiene (1) was a report2 of its reaction with tetracyanoethylene by Cazeau and Frainnet without mention of any experimental details. Later, Conia3 reported its synthesis in 50% yield with only a reference made to the usual House procedure4 for silyl enol ethers. The diene 1 has also been prepared using lithium diisopropylamide as base and chlorotrimethylsilane in tetrahydrofuran-ether (1 1) in yields up to 65%, but on a smaller scale.s... 

Another work of Duhamel and Ancel [59] related this synthesis of retinal via (3-ionylideneacetaldehyde. Condensation of methallyl-magnesium chloride with diethyl phenyl orthoformate (EtC CHOPh) led after bromination of the ene-acetal, deshydrohalogenation (NaOH 50%), ethanol elimination with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and ISiMes, to the bromo-dienol ether. This latter was submitted to bromine lithium exchange and the lithio enol ether was then condensed with p ionylideneacetaldehyde to give retinal, Fig. (28). 

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