Engineering functional properties

As engineered stmctures, nonwovens can be designed to have appearances, textures, and other aesthetic properties comparable to traditional wovens and knits, and performance and functional properties superior to traditional wovens and knits. Nonwovens are, indeed, a distinct class of fiber-based materials with the characteristics of fabric and many of its useful properties. 

In this paper, UV-visible absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction experiments of single crystals and solvent cast films of the azobenzene amphiphiles, CnAzoCmN+Br, were systematically investigated. Structural characterization of the cast bilayer films are discussed in comparison with aqueous solutions and single crystals. Some novel functional properties of the cast films are described, too. We also emphasize that the two-dimensional molecular assemblies, cast films and crystals of bilayer-forming amphiphiles, are suitable candidates for "crystal engineering" because of their simple structures compared with usual three-dimensional molecular crystals. 

Torreggiani, D. and Bertolo, G. 2002. The role of an osmotic step Combined processes to improve quality and control functional properties in fruit and vegetables. In Engineering and Food for the 21st Century (J. Welti-Chanes, G.V. Barbosa-Canovas, and J.M. Aguilera, eds), pp. 651-669. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

This book updates and presents new information on the physicochem-istry of functionality, the roles and use of proteins for improving the functional properties of foods, and the application of data from model test systems to actual food ingredients. This volume should be useful to food processors, engineers, chemists, physicists, and others engaged in these or related areas of research. It also is hoped that this book will stimulate its readers to expand research on functionality. 

In the design of rubber as a material of construction to meet specific application requirements, the engineer has to first understand the limitations of the physical and functional properties of the rubber material, in order to avoid using the same, to stresses (applied... 

Kotzia, G. A., Lappa, K. and Labrou, N. E. (2007). Tailoring structure-function properties of L-asparaginase engineering resistance to trypsin cleavage. Biochem J. 404(2), 337-343. 

Dea, I. C. M. (1987). The role of structural modification in controlling polysaccharide functionality. In Industrial Polysaccharides Genetic Engineering, Structure /Property Relations and Applications, Yalpini, I. (Ed.), pp. 207-216. Elsevier, Amsterdam/New York. 

In parallel studies, engineering Ser into position 55 of the human Hb ft chain also resulted in increased 02 affinity, notably without measurable disruption of any other functional properties of the novel Hb and without any other X-ray crystallographically measurable effects on Hb structure (see Golding and Dean, 1998). 

As noted by Baer et al. [197, 198] important lessons concerning nanoscopic engineering may be learned from biology. Just as the hierarchical structures in bio-composite systems exhibit (a) various scaling levels (dimensions) (b) possess very specific connectivities (interactions) between these levels and (c) have appropriate architectures to manifest a desired spectrum of functional properties (see Fig. 51), so can one envision a hierarchy of abiotic, nanoscopic complexity. 

Materials scientists and engineers have traditionally been primarily concerned with the fabrication and utilization of materials already synthesized by the chemist and identified by the physicist as having the appropriate intrinsic properties for a particular engineering function. Although the demarcation between the three disciplines remains in an academic sense, the separate job distinctions for those working in the field is fading. This is especially obvious in the private sector, where one must ensure that materials used in real commercial devices not only perform their primary function, but also meet a variety of secondary requirements. 

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