Engineered bacteria

French CE et al. (1995) Biological production of semisynthetic opiates using genetically engineered bacteria. Biotechnology (NY) 13(7) 674-676... 

McClure NC, Fry JC, Weightman AJ (1991) Survival and catabolic activity of natural and genetically engineered bacteria in laboratory-scale activated sludge unit. Appl Env Microbiol 57 366-373... 

In the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, recombinant DNA technology will allow the synthesis of chemicals that can only be practically achieved through a bioprocess. For example, methylation of a particular carbon in a chemical structure might be done quite easily with a recombinant-engineered bacteria. This technology will allow the synthesis of a family of isomers and the development of a synthetic process that cannot be achieved by strict physical chemical processes. 

A new route with the potential of further lowering PDO cost is the enzymatic fermentation [17, 18] of glycerol and alcohol. This process is still under development by Du Pont and Genecore International. With advances in biogenetic engineering, new strains of engineered bacteria have improved the yield and selectivity of the process to the point where this route is ready for pilot plant scale-up. 

In other cases, speeialized enzymes and genetically engineered bacteria have been used to gain temporary relief of shock and other toxic loads to a treatment system. The application of engineered bacteria may be practical... 

Steffa R.J. and R.M. Atlas. 1988. DNA amplification to enhance detection of genetically engineered bacteria in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 2185-2191. 

Large quantities of pure insulin are required for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (see p. 160). The annual requirement for insulin is over 500 kg in a country the size of Germany. Formerly, the hormone had to be obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered animals in a complicated and expensive procedure. Human insulin, which is produced by overexpression in genetically engineered bacteria, is now mainly used (see p.262). 

Engineering Bacteria for Industrial Production of Valuable Small Organics... 

Henschke, R. B. Schmidt, R. J. (1990). Plasmid mobilization from genetically engineered bacteria to members of the indigenous soil microflora in situ. Current Microbiology, 20, 105-10. 

Ramos-Gonzales, M. I., Ruiz-Cabello, F., Brettar, I., Garrido, F. Ramos, J.L. (1992). Tracking genetically engineered bacteria monoclonal antibodies against surface determinants of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida 2440.Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 2978-85. 

Ancient dyers also had to maintain the dye in the reduced form. In fermentations of the woad plant a species of thermophilic Clostridium apparently supplied the reducing agent. Padden et al. suggested that such bacterial reduction might be used today to avoid pollution by the by-products of dithionite reductions Use of engineered bacteria to form high yields of indole and indoxyl as a source... 

Lindow requested government permission to test genetically engineered bacteria to control frost damage to potatoes and strawberries. 

To back up their findings, the TCS1 researchers inserted the DNA sequence into the genes of a bacteria. When supplied with the precursors to caffeine, only the engineered bacteria produced caffeine. 

Endo T, Koizumi S (2000) Large-scale production of oligosaccharides using engineered bacteria. Curr Opin Struct Biol 10 536—541... 

Cheese is made by coagulating milk by the addition of rennet to produce curds. The curds are separated from the liquid whey and then processed and matured to produce a wide variety of cheeses. The active ingredient of rennet is the enzyme chymosin. Until 1990, most rennet was produced from the stomach of slaughtered newly born calves. These days, at a cost one tenth of that before 1990, chymosin is produced by genetically engineered bacteria into which the gene for this enzyme has been inserted, and is used for making cheese in the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world. 

Shikimic acid (for Tamiflu) can be produced from genetically engineered bacteria as a less threatening alternative to harvesting from Star Anise (work of Professor John W. Frost and co-workers, Michigan State University, New York Times, Business Section, November 5,2005.)... 

Pieper, D.H. and Reineke, W. 2000. Engineering bacteria for bioremediation. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 11 262-70. 

These enzymes eould be used also for proteetion of skin (Fisher etal, 2005) and decontamination of skin, mucosa, and open wounds (Lejeune and Russell, 1999 Gill and Ballesteros, 2000). Genetieally engineered bacteria producing OP hydrolases eould be introduced into water effluents of decontamination units to purify contaminated water before recycling or washing up (Chen and Mulchandani, 1998). 

Insulin is a complex protein molecule produced by the pancreas in all vertebrates. This hormone regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Inability to produce insulin results in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is treated by injections of insulin. Given the law of definite proportion, would you expect any differences in chemical activity between human insulin extracted from pancreatic tissue and human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria Why or why not ... 

Koizumi S, Endo T, Tabata K, Ozaki A. Large-scale production of UDP-galactose and globotriose by coupling metaboUcally engineered bacteria. Nat. Biotechnol. 1998 16 847-850. 

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