Energy seasonal

Soil Temperature. In temperate climates, NO and NjO emission rates increase with increasing soil temperature and a response to diurnal and seasonal temperature variations has been reported freqnently." Activation energies for both soil NO and NjO emissions are usually in the range of 30-150 kJ mol ... 

Comments on the temperature of the auxiliary air are common. Auxiliary cupboards were first introduced to save energy and unconditioned outside air has often been used for the auxiliary supply air. This is usually not acceptable because unconditioned supply air will be too cold during the heating season for a person to work at the hood. It may also be too hot during the cooling season. Today, most auxiliary air systems operate at temperatures close to room temperature. 

Outdoor air humidity strongly affects the latent cooling load and energy requirements during summer season. Year-round outdoor air humidity must be considered when studying condensation conditions. 

Overall efficiency of air conditioning equipment steadily rose starting in the mid-1970s, attributed to consumer demand, government mandate, and incentive programs. For example, the average efficiency, as expressed in seasonal energy efficiency ratio, of new central air conditioners increased about 35 percent between 1976 and 1991. After national standards took effect in 1992, efficiency has increased as much as another 15 percent. 

Temperature swings following frontal passages are common in North America and Eurasia, but are rare in the tropics, where differences in cloudiness and precipitation arise from seasonal variability in thermal forcing. Poleward from the tropical regions, extratropical cyclones transform latitudinal temperature gradients into kinetic energy. 

At the low end is the United States, where biomass energy accounted for only about 3 percent (2.7 quadrillion Btus) of the total energy consumption in 1997. However, biomass use had been rising over the previous five years at an average rate of about 1 to 2 percent per year, but fell in 1997 due to a warmer-than-average heating season. Bioenergy produced in the United States is primarily from wood and wood waste and municipal solid waste. 

Adaptations to Habitats. Because of Eaith s geom-etiyf and the position of its axis, the equator receives more solar energy per unit area than the polar regions. Because Earth s axis is tilted relative to the plane of Earth s orbit around the Sun, this angle of incident radiation varies seasonally. These factors, combined with Earth s rotation, establish the major patterns of temperature, air circulation, and precipitation. 

Efficiency data are seasonal energy efficiency ratings (SEER) for cooling and heating seasonal performance factors (HSPF) for heating. 

Unpredictable movements in the price level are uncommon in energy markets. The magnitudes of these price shocks can be substantial 1973 and 1979 oil price shocks, electricity price swings in June 1998, and 2000 oil price increases exemplify the potential magnitudes of these price fluctuations. Energy price dynamics usually consist of three components deterministic part, seasonal and cyclical influences, and noise. In a market situation with no demand or sup-... 

Solar heat gain through windows can add to or detract from energy efficiency, depending on a building s type and use, the local climate, the season, and even the time of day. For some applications, SHGCs should be maximized for others, SHGCs should be minimized. 

If the water circuit temperature rises above about 26°C, the cooling tower comes into operation to reject the surplus. If the circuit drops below 21°C, heat is taken from a boiler or other heat source to make up the deficiency. During mid-season operation within a large installation, many units may be cooling and many heating, so that energy rejected by the former can be used to the latter. With correct system adjustment, use of the boiler and tower can be minimized. 

Tilt variations also do not affect the annual total of solar energy received by the whole Earth, but do change the annual total for polar regions (simultaneously for both hemispheres). Tilt also affects the seasonal insolation at high latitudes, with greater tilt leading to warmer summers and cooler winters in both hemispheres. 

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