Energy efficiency ratio

Overall efficiency of air conditioning equipment steadily rose starting in the mid-1970s, attributed to consumer demand, government mandate, and incentive programs. For example, the average efficiency, as expressed in seasonal energy efficiency ratio, of new central air conditioners increased about 35 percent between 1976 and 1991. After national standards took effect in 1992, efficiency has increased as much as another 15 percent. 

If we examine simulated data from Table 9.8 [17], we can see that the COPs for the two refrigerants are 3.09 and 3.52 for C02 and R134a, respectively. Another measure of efficiency is the energy efficiency ratio, which gives the amount of cooling per unit input of electricity [17]. This efficiency is greater for 134a (value of 12) versus C02 (value of 9.87). 

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) - The measure of the instantaneous energy efficiency of room air conditioners the cooling capacity in Btu/hr divided by the watts of power consumed at a specific outdoor temperature (usually 95 degrees Fahrenheit). 

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) - A measure of seasonal or annual efficiency of a central air conditioner or air conditioning heat pump. It takes into account the variations in temperature that can occur within a season and is the average number of Btu of cooling delivered for every watt-hour of electricity used by the heat pump over a cooling season. 

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

The performance ratio of ME plants is just slightly lower than the number of effects, which is deterrnined as an optimized compromise between energy efficiency and capital cost. Six effects ate typical, although plants with as many as 18 effects have been built. Eurther detail about ME desalination can be found in (56,59). 

Eor specific applications, we can calculate the ratio of the measure of the goods or sendees provided to the energy input required. For example, in the transportation sector, energy efficiency is based on miles per gallon for personal vehicles, seat-miles per gallon for mass transit, and ton-miles per gallon for freight transportation. 

The potential of mass transit to provide transportation sendees with low energy consumption relies on the high capacity of transit vehicles, since these vehicles have higher energy consumption per vehicle distance traveled compared to private motorized vehicles or nonmotorized modes. Therefore the occupancy rate of transit service is a key factor in determining its energy efficiency. This rate can be measured by the ratio of person distance traveled to vehicle distance traveled. 

The energy (or first law) efficiency is simply a ratio of useful output energy to input energy and is referred to as a coefficient of performance (COP) for refrigeration systems. The energy efficiency of the heat pump unit can thus be defined as follows ... 

There are two main issues concerning the chemistry of the reaction and the separation. One is how to separate the hydriodic acid and sulfuric acid produced by the Bunsen reaction. The other is how to carry out the hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition section, where the presence of azeotrope in the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the hydriodic acid makes the energy-efficient separation of HI from its aqueous solution difficult, and also, the unfavorable reaction equilibrium limits the attainable conversion ratio of HI to a low level, around 20%. 

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