Energy lithium-vanadium oxide

Lithium-vanadium oxide rechargeable batteries were developed as memory backup power sources with high reliability and high energy density. 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

The electronic structures and chemical bonding of lithium vanadium oxide were calculated by the DV-Xa method [10,11] using the program code [12]. The population analysis was made according to Mulliken [13]. The ab initio total-energy and molecular dynamics program VASP [14-16], based on the density... 

The use of SVO as a rechargeable cathode material is enticing due to the high-energy density (> 300 mAh/g) of this material. However, during the discharge reaction of a lithium/SVO cell, the reduced silver is replaced by lithium in the vanadium oxide matrix. Therefore, the reversibility of this lithium for silver substitution under charge conditions is still a matter of debate, as will be outlined below. 

The lithium/silver vanadium oxide system has been developed for use in biomedical applications, such as cardiac defibrillators, neurostimulators and drug delivery devices. Electrochemical reduction of silver vanadium oxide (SVO) is a complex process and occurs in multiple steps from 3.2 to 2.0 V. This system is capable of high power, high energy density and high specific energy as is required for cardiac defibrillators, its principle application. 

These polymer electrol5rtes were exploited in the late 1990s for the fabrication of large-sized, laminated battery modules based on cells formed by a lithium foil anode and a vanadium oxide cathode, developed jointly by Hydro Quebec in Canada and 3M company in the United States [7,8]. The battery module had very good performance in terms of energy density (155 Wh kg ) and cycle life (600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge (DOD)), and it was proposed as a power source for EVs, a very futuristic concept back in 1996. However, despite this and other successful demonstration projects, the lithium polymer battery project was abandoned and only very recently reconsidered for use in an EV produced in France [9]. 

PFSA membranes have excellent chemical inertness and mechanical integrity in a corrosive and oxidative environment, and their superior properties allowed for broad application in electrochemical devices and other fields such as superacid catalysis, gas drying or humidification, sensors, and metal-ion recovery. Here, we refer their important applications in electrochemical devices for energy storage and conversion including PEMFC, chlor-alkali production, water electrolysis, vanadium redox flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and solar cells. 

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