Vanadium oxides, rechargeable lithium

Lithium-vanadium oxide rechargeable batteries were developed as memory backup power sources with high reliability and high energy density. 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Other forms of vanadium oxide have been used as cathodes in rechargeable lithium batteries. A common example is V2O5 which displays a structure consisting of distorted V06 octahedra joined by edge sharing... 

The use of SVO as a rechargeable cathode material is enticing due to the high-energy density (> 300 mAh/g) of this material. However, during the discharge reaction of a lithium/SVO cell, the reduced silver is replaced by lithium in the vanadium oxide matrix. Therefore, the reversibility of this lithium for silver substitution under charge conditions is still a matter of debate, as will be outlined below. 

Iron vanadate, FeV04, is a prospective material for lithium rechargeable batteries and in catalysis. In [90] mechanical coactivation of iron and vanadium oxides was used to prepare intimate nanoscale mixture, similar to those prepared by soft chemistry. Reduction of this mixture at the same temperature and oxygen partial pressure conditions as of soft chemistry products (500°C and 10 Pa) leads to formation of a nanometric vanadium ferrite with the only spinel phase. The characterization of the powders thus prepared was perfomed by X-ray diffraction, SEM, IR spectrometry, thermogravimetry and colourimetry. It was shown that the homogeneity of grain size and chemical composition is achieved if the initial oxides have similar grain size. 

Soft Solution Processing OF Nanoscaled Lithium Vanadium Oxides AS Cathode Materials FOR Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries... 

Though the conductivity of the PEO-alkali metal complexes (10 ohm -cm at 140°C) is fairly low in comparison with inorganic solid electrolytes such as 8-alumina(Na), RbCui6l7Cli3 and RbAg4ls at the same temperature, this can be compensated for by the facile production of thin films typically 25-500 pm thick. A cell may thus consist of a lithium or lithium-based foil as anode, an alkali metal salt-PEO complex, such as (PEO)9 LiCFsSOs (25-50 pm), as the electrolyte, and a composite cathode (50-75 pm) containing a vanadium oxide (VeOis) as the active ingredient. The vanadium oxide is one of a number of insertion compounds that permits the physical insertion lithium ions reversibly into their structure and thus allows recharging of the cell. 

BR carbon monofluorid/lithium VL vanadium pentoxide/lithium GR copper oxide/lithium CL carbon/lithium (rechargeable)... 

In addition to vanadates, molybdenum oxides should also attract an attention as anode material for Li-ion rechargeable battery because they also have various oxidation states like vanadium. Related molybdenum compounds, Aubom et al. [5] have proposed molybdenum oxide MoOg as anode material for lithium secondary battery more than ten years ago. However, their study was limited by experimental conditions such as poor stability of the electrolyte at low potential. Here, we prepared M11M0O4 using sohd-state reaction [7,8]. 

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