Energy dispersive X-ray analysis EDAX

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) using a scanning electron microscope confirmed the presence of sulfur and phosphorus in solid samples of the [l,2,3]triazolo[4,5-rf [l,3,2]thiazaphospholes 57 in the expected atomic ratio of 2 1 <1997CC2149>. 

The distribution of TPA molecules over the radius of the beads of PVA-PEG was measured using a Philips Model 505 scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) system. The secondary electron micrographs of selected solid samples were obtained. 

On the other hand, according to the results obtained by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), a uniform distribution of TPA along bead radius was obtained. The secondary electron micrographs of the bead inner shows an sponge-like gel structure. 

The catalysts were characterized by using various techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Siemens D 500 diffractometer using CuKa radiation. The specific surface areas of the solids were determined by using the BET method on a Micromeritics ASAP 2000 analyser. Acid and basic sites were quantified from the retention isotherms for two different titrants (cyclohexylamine and phenol, of p/Ta 10.6 and 9.9, and L ,ax 226 and 271.6 nm, respectively) dissolved in cyclohexane. By using the Langmuir equation, the amount of titrant adsorbed in monolayer form, Xm, was obtained as a measure of the concentration of acid and basic sites [11]. Also, acid properties were assessed by temperature-programmed desorption of two probe molecules, that is, pyridine (pKa= 5.25) and cyclohexylamine. The composition of the catalysts was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) on a Jeol JSM-5400 instrument equipped with a Link ISI analyser and a Pentafet detector (Oxford). 

Scanning electron microscopy was carried out on a LEICA stereoscope S260 equipped for energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX 9100). Samples are deposited on a Cu-Al support from a slurry in acetone. 

In the technique of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) characteristic X-ray wavelengths are produced from a solid sample, and may be used to identify elements present (see Topic A4). The method is less accurate than those based on the atomic spectra of gases, but is useful for solid samples, especially minerals that may contain many elements. X-rays may be excited by the electron beam in an electron microscope, and the resulting energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) can be used to give approximate atomic analyses of individual grains of a powdered solid and to estimate the chemical homogeneity of a sample. 

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) measurements on the catalysts containing palladium and copper in a ratio of either 1 1 or 1 2 showed a good dispersion of the metal particles (2-5 nm) over the support. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) on the samples revealed the presence of both metals in each examined particle. By doubling the amount of copper a proportionate increase of copper content in the metal particles was detected as expected. 

Another technique we used to observe these distributions is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). Concentrations of Cyasorb UV 1084, [2-2 -thiobis(4-ter -octylphenolato)-n-butylamine nickel], a nickel-containing UV absorber, were point counted to obtain nickel concentrations along a spherulite diameter. Figure 3 shows results for 1 and 4 wt % additive. This shows a uniform melt concentration, a boundary peak, a lower concentration within the spherulite, and a central dip. The resolution and sensitivity with this technique are poorer than with the optical microscopy. With every method, thin film crystallized samples and microtomed sections of bulk samples gave similar results. 

After oxidation the chemical and physical natures of the reaction products resulting from oxidation and also from interactions between the coating and the substrate alloys were examined by a range of surface analytical techniques. These included scanning electron microscopy (SF.M), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), electron... 

Tetrabromobisphenol A was incorporated into one resin system at a concentration to yield 1 atom% bromine. Comparison of the bromine concentration of the interior and exterior of the core-shell structures, obtained by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), demonstrates that the interior of the particle has the same bromine concentration as the matrix. 

Cross-sections of a few fibers were examined via energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) techniquests to determine distribution of reagent in the chemically modified cottons. 

The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis (Figure 1.5) and the presence of elemental silver in the membranes of treated bacteria, as detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) (Figure 1.6) confirm the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the membrane structure. 

Investigations of the cross-sectional surface of a CBS electrode were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. A disc of a CBS membrane was conditioned in CaCl2 solution then immersed in liquid nitrogen and broken across a diameter. The broken edge of the membrane was examined by SEM and EDAX (for calcium and chlorine). 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was introduced during the late 1960s. Analysis by SEM is less complicated than TEM because of the simplicity of sample preparation [7]. It is commonly used in combination with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) [27]. 

SEM and TEM are useful techniques for examining colloids (Nomizu et al., 1988) and their application to natural waters has been reviewed by Leppard (1992). Microscopy is the most direct of all methods for sizing particles, but is very time consuming and care must be taken to avoid artifacts. Automated methods have improved the accuracy and efficacy of the technique for producing number-based size distributions (Seaman, 2000). Qualitative chemical information for major elements is provided by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) commonly available with SEM instruments. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX or EDS) is a powerful tool for studying the morphology and chemical composition of corroding surfaces. With proper magnification, the defect size, extended protection distance by conducting polymers on the exposed bare metal surface, and particle size of metal oxides can be precisely determined. 

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