Energy convertor

Role of Na" "/K "-ATPase as energy convertor (Nobel lecture) 98AG(E)2320. 

Microwave catalysis is a catalytic process performed in the presence of a microwave (electromagnetic) field in which the catalyst acts as an energy convertor . It uses microwave irradiation to stimulate catalytic reactions. It is necessary to stress that any sort of electromagnetic or microwave radiation is not itself a catalyst, as has sometimes erroneously stated [1], Similarly, it is not correct to say that microwave irradiation catalyzes chemical reactions [1], The principles of microwave catalysis will be described in the following sections. 

Figure 5. Sketch of SAFFIRE, a D- He fueled satellite concept using field-reversed mirror FRM confinement which allows small size modular units. A long (quasi-steady-state) burn is obtained with refueling and FRM plasmoids are generated by a conical pinch and heated to ignition by neutral beam injection. An energy convertor on the pinch end (not shown) is also required.

The energy conversion efficiency is usually discussed in terms of the enthalpy-based conversion rate. For example, theoretical efficiency is defined as the ratio of the Gibbs energy change to the enthalpy change for fuel cell reaction. Therefore, the values just discussed should be transferred to the enthalpy-based ones. For this purpose, the thermodynamically theoretical conversion efficiency should be defined in a manner that enables comparison with other energy convertors such as heat engines. Flere, we start with methane as the common fuel. In Fig. 2.4(a), we compare several cases as a function of temperature ... 

Some 60 dyes have been selected as possible photovoltaic materials their electrochemical redox potentials, surface adsorption, spectroscopic properties, fluorescence yields, and acid-base properties have been measured. The aim of this work is to produce a low-cost panel for harvesting solar energy as electrical power. The physical principles of fluorescent solar collectors have been discussed by Raue and Harnisch and several classes of dyes examined. Coumarin dyes are suitable convertors, particularly if the amino-group is fixed by ring closure to the aromatic system. 

Construction of a 0.1-GJ prototype is now being planned at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. This unit will be connected directly to the utility supply line via a 1.0-MW convertor and will be used to test energy storage, damping of transients, and control circuit response. In addition, the coll will have provisions for operation in superfluid helium and for testing very large conductor samples. External force support will not be used, however. 

The main conclusion of this analysis is as follow the whole system will be energetically closed for a thermonuclear efficiency of 10%. If we increase the efficiency, then under a given power supply the neutron source will produce the fuel for several reactor-convertors. This is important for the reduction of the cost of the whole energy plant, since the cost of the fuel producing reactor is estimated in comparison with that of a breeder, i.e., by a factor of 2 higher than the cost of a thermal-neutron reactor. 

Most studies have dealt with case (1) above. This equipment geometry can be used either to suppress an orientational effect [39, 78, 79] or to erase the ultrasonic images on the convertor surface [26, 59]. Nagai and lizuka [26] have shown that under an applied electric pulse the erasure time is reduced by one or two orders of magnitude. Of the results that have reported, the influence of the anchoring energy on the acous-... 

In some respects it represents a revival of an earlier market, because at one time lead-acid batteries were widely used by the electricity supply industry, but were displaced by the switch from DC to AC power systems and changing patterns of industrial demand for energy. These new opportunities have been fecilitated by the development of cheap and efficient power convertors. Kramer and Voigt, Battery energy storage - experience and recent projects , ELDC (1990). 

A web had been metallized, rewound and shipped to the convertor . The convertor found that he could not print on the metallized surface and thought that there was something wrong with the deposition process. It was determined that the problem was that the web material contained a low molecular species which, on storage, outdiffusion and contaminated the metallized surface with a low energy contaminant that prevented printing. 

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