Energy consumption INDEX

As previously reported, membrane contactors present interesting advantages with respect to traditional units. Moreover, they well respond to the main targets of the process intensification, such as to develop systems of production with lower equipment-size/production-capacity ratio, lower energy consumption, lower waste production, higher efficiency. In order to better identify the potentialities of membrane contactors in this logic, they have been recently compared to traditional devices for the sparkling-water production in terms of new defined indexes [24]. In particular, the comparison has been made at parity of plant capacity and quality of final product. The metrics used for the comparison between membranes and traditional units are ... 

Exergy consumption of resources that are renewable should also be considered. The overall cumulative exergy consumption index may help in assessing various energy utilization problems for a specified product, such as the relationships between the amounts of raw materials and the products, or the cost of raw materials and the alternative production technologies available. 

Ethanol Production Simultaneous minimization of potential environmental impact, resource conservation and energy consumption. Analytic hierarchy process The three criteria were combined into a single objective integrated environmental index, which needs to be minimized. Ethanol production via two alternative routes was compared. Jiacto/. (2004)... 

FIGURE 3 TTie development of the EEI in the pulp and paper industry over time for various cMuntries. Countries actual primary energy consumption is indexed to the primary energy consumption of the best plant observed worldwide. 

The temperature of the corresponding maximum of energy consumption in the DSC curve can be used as a second index number for the cracking reaction. DSC experiments with a heating rate P= 10 K/min are used, so that the results may be compared with thermogravimetry. 

Morrison and Sims carried out a series of evaluations in which they explored numerous criteria which they hoped would shed light on when a country might acquire its first nuclear power unit. They examined GNP, GNP per capita, the physical quality of life index, the level of industrial activity, absolute energy consumption, per capita energy consumption and electrical generating capacity. They concluded that of all of these indicators, a country s natural wealth as given by GNP seemed to be the best indicator of when it might be able to seriously consider its first nuclear power plant. 

Since 1990, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been published by the United Nations as an index to characterize the level of human development (purchasing power, life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment) as explained in Topic 5.1.1. As one may expect, the HDI is linked not only to the GNP (pc) (Figure 5.1.2) but is also strongly linked to the primary energy consumption (pc), but only up to a certain extent, that is, in poor countries. This is depicted by the graph of the HDI versus the annual primary energy consumption per capita (Figure 5.1.4). 

Figure 5.1.4 Human development index (HD/) versus energy consumption per capita. The HDI ranks countries by level of human development (2007, HDI from UN Development Programme, human development report 2007/08). Arrow indicates the theoretical decrease of global energy consumption pc to the minimum value that we could have today (2008) according to the trend (dot-dash curve) without change of global average HDI (Jess, 2010).

Figure 5.1.7 Subjective well-being index (SWB) in the period 1995-2007 versus primary energy consumption per capita in 2007 Jess, 2010).

The same trends can be derived from a plot of the subjective well-being index (SWB) versus the primary energy consumption per capita (Figure 5.1.7). About 2 toe per head are needed annually to make people happy, which corresponds to the value determined by the relationship of welfare (HD/) and energy consumption (Figure 5.1.4). 

Other data used to calculate the oil dependency include oil imports and consumption in bbl s per day from the 2008 CIA Eactbook (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009) and estimates from the IMF World Economic Outlook (2008) Gross Domestic Product in current United States dollars. Uniform weights were applied to Equation (28.4) and the two components of the energy diversity index (28.5) were also equally weighted. 

Figure 1.1 Effect of electrical energy consumption (EEC) on Human Development Index (HDI) for all countries of the world (a) graph with selected countries shown and (h) HDI correlation. In general, the HDI correlation might he an exponential rise to maximum (1), hut based on the current data it is a straight line in regular Y logarithmic coordinates X.

Table A7.1 Population, electrical energy consumption per capita, and Human Development Index in various countries worldwide...

---