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Endotoxin airborne

Prevalence of byssinosis correlates better with airborne endotoxin concentration than with total dust (65). Also, gramnegative bacteria levels in the mill correlate well with disease (66). It has been hypothesized that endotoxins elicit symptoms of byssinosis by activation of both the classical and the alternative pathway of complement with subsequent release of anaphylatoxins, which lead to airway narrowing, and chemotaxins, which cause the influx of PMNs followed by release of lysosomal enzymes and, ultimately, tissue damage. In experiments with guinea pigs using bract, cotton, and gin mill trash extracts, there is a strong correlation between number of PMNs recruited to airways and level of endotoxin (67). [Pg.150]

The gram-negative microorganism counts in the respirable dust were usually one log lower in the spinning than in the carding area of the mills. Endotoxin levels in the airborne respirable dust were also one log lower in the spinning than in the carding areas of the mills. The airborne dust levels of endotoxin corre-... [Pg.233]

Cavagna et al. (35) in 1969 described the level of airborne endotoxins in cotton cardrooms (7.2 yg/m ) and in hemp cardrooms (8.7 yg/m ). Four out of fifteen volunteers showed a drop in FEV with inhalation of 40-80 yg E. coll endotoxin. Rabbits exposed to 20 yg E. coli endotoxin/day or 2 mgm cotton extract/day responded with increased pulmonary resistance to a dose five times stronger after 20 weeks. They estimated that a textile worker breathes 40-50 yg endotoxin/8 hour shift, and pointed out the constant presence of endotoxin in cotton dusts. [Pg.238]

Fischer (13) showed that endotoxin levels in the respirable airborne dust (<15ym) are a log higher in the carding areas than in the spinning areas of cotton mills. Actual levels may reach 95 ng/m in the carding areas. [Pg.240]

Fischer (30) reported that airborne respirable endotoxin levels correlate (Spearman s coefficient of rank correlation) with the counts of gram-negative rods, with the percent of the total material processed that is Memphis cotton, and with the decrease in FEV, if these data are calculated only on mills where the carding areas are separate from the spinning areas. [Pg.240]

Airborne endotoxin was collected in gins, waste recyclers, oil mills and textile cardrooms (Table VI) to see whether an airborne microbial parameter might correlate with the contents of leaflike trash and GNB entrained in materials being processed by various cotton industries. In gins, oil mills and waste recyclers levels of airborne endotoxin were significantly lower than those generally found in textile cardrooms. [Pg.250]

Heederik D, Brouwer R, Biersteker K, et al. 1991. Relationship of airborne endotoxin and bacteria levels in pig farms with the lung function and respiratory s miptoms of farmers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62(8) 595-601. [Pg.195]

The LAL assay is at present the most widely accepted assay for endotoxin measurements, having been adopted as the standard assay for endotoxin detection by the United States Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) in 1980. The more recent kinetic chromogenic versions of the LAL assay are very sensitive and have a broad measurement range (0.01 -100 Endotoxin Units (EU)/ml w 1 pg/ml-10 ng/ml). The detection limit for airborne endotoxin measurements is approximately 0.05 EU/m (5 pg/m ). Since different test batches may give different results an internal standard must be used. The U.S. FDA... [Pg.94]

Douwes J., Versloot P., Hollander A., Heederik D. and Doekes G. (1995) Intluence of various du.sl. sampling and extraction methods on the measurement of airborne endotoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 1763-1769. [Pg.99]

Hollander A., Heederik D., Versloot P. and Douwes J. (1993) Inhibition and enhancement in the analysis of airborne endotoxin levels in various occupational environments. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 54, 647-653. [Pg.100]

Olenchock S.A., Lewis D.M. and Mull J.C. (1989) Effects of different extraction protocols on endotoxin analysis of airborne grain dusts. Scand. J. Work Environ., 15, 430-435. [Pg.101]

Sonesson A., Larsson L., Schiitz A., Hagmar L. and Hallberg T. (1990) Comparison of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for measuring lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) in airborne dust from poultry processing industries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 1271-78. [Pg.102]

Environmental airborne endotoxins are usually associated with dust particles or aqueous aerosol with a broad size distribution. Endotoxin exposure has been associated with a variety of pulmonary and systemic diseases in homes, office buildings and occupational environments. These diseases or conditions include chronic nose and throat irritation, humidifier fever, organic dust toxic syndrome, grain fever, byssinosis, asthma-like syndrome, exacerbation of asthma, and progressive irreversible airflow obstruction (Heederik et al., 1991 Michel et al., 1996 Muittari et al., 1980 Olenchock, 1990 Rylan-der, 1996 Rylander et al., 1978 Schenker et al., 1998 Schwartz et al., 1994 Schwartz et al., 1995). Recognition of the link between endotoxin exposures and these conditions has led to proposals to establish occupational health exposure limits. The Netherlands Health Council has recently published a criteria document for endotoxin that recommends a health-based occupational exposure limit of 50 EU/m for full shift, personal, inhalable dust sampling (Douwes and Heederik, 1998). [Pg.282]

Breum, N.O., Nielsen, B.H., Nielsen, E.M., Midtgaard, U., and Poulsen, O.M. 1996. Dustiness of compostable waste A methodological approach to quantify the potential of waste to generate airborne micro-organisms and endotoxin. Waste Management Research, 15 169—187. [Pg.280]

Many diseases in many industries have been linked to inhalation of endotoxin. Some are shown in Table 7.3. A chronic respiratory disease of textile workers called byssinosis has recently been linked to exposure to endotoxin in dirty cotton. Castallen et al. " and Kennedy et al. have shown linear relationships between airborne endotoxin concentration and decrease in lung function. However, there was no relationship between decrease in lung function and the dust levels in the cotton works. The organism most commonly found in cotton and linked for these symptoms is Enterobacter agglomerans. [Pg.116]

Palchak et al., after conducting both a literature review on the clinical effects of inhaled endotoxin and an airborne endotoxin monitoring campaign in a biotechnology plant, established an action threshold value for airborne endotoxin of 30 ng/m. Although all routine production processes gave values under this limit, they found that an experimental batch harvest process gave levels of up to 1.8 pg/m, 60 times their threshold value. [Pg.118]

Palchak, R.B., Cohen, R. and Jaugstetter, J. (1990). A threshold limit value for airborne endotoxin associated with industrial-scale production of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 31, 199-203. [Pg.127]

Using the airborne sampling techniques for endotoxin used by Palchak et and described above, it was found that detectable amounts of endotoxin were released during various stages of industrial scale extraction... [Pg.288]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.250 , Pg.253 ]




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