End-uses, lead

The dual role of -hcxanc as a component of refined petroleum fuels and as a highly refined, specialized product for other end uses lead to complications in making estimates of actual production levels. For instance, no formal production statistics could be identified associated with the -hexane contained in heating or motor fuels. Since the late 1980s, no quantitative production figures have been available for those companies documented as producing appreciable amounts of -hexanc for commercial use (SRI 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996). The following six facilities are currently documented as producers... 

End use Lead consumption ( 000 tons) Share of total consumption (per cent)... 

Many primary and secondary lead producers offer a range of products in addition to refined metal, but the degree of product differentiation and value-added is generally limited. These may include various lead alloys, chemicals, composite materials and semi-fabricated (rolled, cast or extruded) goods. Although some refiners may also be involved in the manufacture of intermediate or end-use lead products (like cable sheathing, proprietary chemicals. 

The need for the indicator s color transition to occur in the sharply rising portion of the titration curve justifies our earlier statement that not every equivalence point has an end point. For example, trying to use a visual indicator to find the first equivalence point in the titration of succinic acid (see Figure 9.10c) is pointless since any difference between the equivalence point and the end point leads to a large titration error. 

Data processing. Once information is obtained with an appropriate data system, the information must be interpreted appropriately for the end use. Data processing involves the steps leading to this end use data processing does not necessarily imply application of modem computer techniques. 

A rapid method to determine the calcium content of lead alloys is a Hquid-metal titration using lead—antimony (1%) (9). The end point is indicated by a gray oxide film pattern on the surface of a sohdifted sample of the metal when observed at a 45° angle to a light source. The basis for the titration is the reaction between calcium and antimony. The percentage of calcium in the sample can be calculated from the amount of antimony used. If additional calcium is needed in the alloy, the melt is sweetened with a lead—calcium (1 wt %) master alloy. 

As an initial step, the product designer must anticipate the conditions of use and the performance requirements of the product, considering such factors as life expectancy, size, condition of use, shape, color, strength, and stiffness. These end use requirements can be ascertained through market analysis, surveys, examinations of similar products, testing, and general experience. A clear definition of product requirements will often lead directly to choice of the material of construction. At times incomplete or improper product requirement analysis is the cause for a product to fail. 

The ten leading energy consumers in the food industry use about one-half of the energy of the total food processing industry. About 50% of the end use energy is from natural gas, 15% is from petroleum, and 15% is from from purchased electricity. Some of the electricity is produced from natural gas and petroleum so the source use would be higher for gas and petroleum. There have been improvements in efficiencies in most of these industries but the relationships of industries still hold. 

Table m. End Use of Energy by Ten Leading Food Industries, Percent (5,6)... 

A logical first item is overall planning and development of the framework for the RM project. It includes consideration of end-use requirements of the material and provision for scientific and technical management and execution of the project by trained, dedicated, critical scientists and technologists. End-use requirement dictates an assessment of the nature of the problem to be addressed by the product, the market requirements, the analytical methods to be served, the measurands, forms and concentrations to be certified, the level of certification required, and the quantities of starting and final product needed, leading to overall definition of the undertaking. 

The stabilizer or stabilization system used depends on the heat and shear likely to be experienced by the polymer during processing, the end use application requirements, such as clarity or color, and the health concerns. A major health issue has been identified with the lead salts and soaps, because of their relative solubility and their corresponding potential to leach into water. For this reason, lead stabilizers currently find use only when other stabilizer systems do not provide the necessary stabilization or end use properties. Wire and cable sheathing is the only remaining application where the use of the lead stabilizer systems is widespread. Since most humans do not chew on wires (though mice, rats, and squirrels do) and lead-based stabilizers provide superior electrical properties, lead salts persist in this application. 

TABLE 16. Consumption of lead by end-use (modified from Reference 113)... 

World lead production, consumption, and principal end uses... 

Table 4.1 World Lead Production, Consumption, and Principal End Uses... 

Secondary intrinsic magnetic properties, of M-type ferrites, 11 67, 68 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), 24 74. See also SIMS entries archaeological materials, 5 744 Secondary ions, measurement of, 24 107 Secondary lead, 14 756-760 developments related to, 14 760 Secondary mercury production, end-uses and sources for, 16 39-42 Secondary metabolites... 

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