Schematic principle

Figure 5.6. Schematic principle of the blow-moulding process...

Figure 6.11. Schematic principle of a sandwich composite with a foamed core...

Pressure applied on the dispersed phase Figure 1.1. Schematic principle of membrane emulsification. 

Figure 1.2. Schematic principle of microchannel emulsification, (a) Top view (b) side view.

Figure 1.3. Schematic principle of flow focusing emulsification.

Schematic principle of ACE interaction between a hydroxypropylated CD and propranolol.

Figure 9.9 Schematic principle of the nonwetted mode of a membrane contactor.

Figure 4-20. Schematic principles of various electrophoretic separation methods. In zonal electrophoresis (left) particles move according to their electrophoretic mobilities towards the oppositely charged electrode separation into discrete bands depends on mobility differences. In isotachophoresis (centre), the electrode and separation buffers are different. Particles in the sample form tight bands or zones, ordered according to electrophoretic mobility,...

Figure 34.2 Schematic principle of plasma treatment of membranes.

The schematic principle of a simple arrangement, i.e., the cup and bob viscometer, is shown in Fig. 15. The driveshaft rotates with a given number of rotations per minute. If there were no friction between the two concentric cylinders, the spring would transfer the rotation completely. However, the material to be investigated, which fills the gap between the two concentric cylinders, is viscous and causes resistance against the rotation. As a result, the spring cannot follow the rotation of the drive shaft and gets twisted. Thus, a torque is produced, which is proportional to the shear stress applied. 

Flgure 1, Schematic principle of vectorial drug evasion in liver and kidney. Phase 0 = drug uptake out of blood, Phases 1 and 2 = biotransformation exemplified by hydroxylation and glu-curonidation. Phase 3 = transport ofxenobiotics/metabolites towards excretion. Phase 4 = efflux into excreted fluids and/or backward into blood. Adapted with permission from [43]. 

Fig. 15 a Schematic principle showing the metal ion array on a graphite surface b and c show the results of the locally resolved current-induced tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) measurements of a [2 x 2] Co and [3 x 3] Mn indicating the position and arrangement of the respective metal ions. Adapted from [150]... 

Figure 11 shows the schematic principle for potential measurement. It needs a reference electrode. The so-called normal hydrogen electrode is theoretically the best reference. However, it is hard to deal with it in practice. The calomel electrode and silver/sUver chloride electrode are often used. As for the calomel electrode, the following reaction occurs. 

Figure 4 shows the schematic principle for displacement plating. In this case, you don t need any external electron source to make the metal ions in the solution precipitate onto the work. Instead, the metal component of the work would dissolve to give the metal ions in the solution electrons. The chemical reactions can be written in the following way schematically. Eq. 1 is the cathode reaction for the precipitation and plating film formation, while Eq. 2 is the anode reaction to give the plating metal electrons. 

Ion plating is a representative PVD process. Figure 6 shows the schematic principle for ion plating. The material source is evaporated in the same or similar way as vapor deposition. However, gas is introduced to the chamber and a plasma state is realized by various ways. When nitrogen or acethylene is introduced into the system, their plasmas would lead to the formation of metal nitride or carbide films. The advantages of ion plating are as follows [1]. 

Fig. 4-5. Principle of radiotracer pig method radiotracer injection device (up, left), pig container (up, middle), pig introduction in pipe (up, right), schematic principle of leak detection in buried pipe (bottom) and typical signal obtained from datalogger (middle).

Schematic principle of the reduction of nitrogen oxides in a PCMR. 

Schematic principle of different plasma processes, see text for explanation. (Source-. Adapted from Verschuren and Kiekens, 2001.)... 

Fig. 5.3-35a,b Schematic principle of (a) the successive technological steps of pattern transfer by imprinting, and (b) the deposition of a magnetic material on a prepatterned substrate. The magnetic deposit covers the top of the dots, the bottom of the trenches, and, to a lesser extent, the sidewalls of the dots... 

Scheme 27.2 Possible mechanism for HC03-H202-C02 chemiluminescence involving carbon dioxide dimer. DetaUs of the schematic principle are described in the text (Sagaya et al. 2009).

Fig. 6. Schematic principle of covalent bonding between magnetite core and ethoxyl groups of silane monomer (Durdureanu-Angheluta et al., 2008).

Fig. 14. Schematic principle of hydrogen bonding between magnetic core and the hydrophobic siloxane shell.

Figure 9.26 Schematic principle of the FLOX reformer concept [16]...

This constitutes the schematic principle of operation for capillary electrophoresis, which is now a commonly used chromatographic technique. 

FIGURE 16 Schematic principles of bioaffinity fiber-optic biosensors. (a) Detection of intrinsically fluorescent molecule using immobilized antibody, (b) Competition assay using a fluorescent-labeled antigen, (c) Sandwich immunoassay using an immobilized antibody and a fluorescent-labeled antibody. 

Schematic principle of the SECM etching of surface-grafted ATRP initiators for surface patterning with polymer brushes (or negative transfer of polymer brush on a surface) and local interrogation by chemical amplification of the reactivity of surface-immobilized initiators. (Adapted from Slim, C., et al., Chem. Mater., 20,66T7-66 5,2008.)...

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