EMEP model

A number of intercomparisons of chemical submodels have been carried out. Figure 16.18, for example, shows some of the results from one such intercomparison for conditions chosen to be representative of moderately polluted conditions (Kuhn et al., 1998). The average final 03 predicted by the models was 148 ppb, but there are clearly significant differences between the models. Thus the highest, the EMEP model (European... 

FIGURE 16.18 Concentration-time profiles for 03, NO., NMHC, H202, HCHO, and higher aldehydes (RCHO) predicted using four different chemical submodels two carbon bond four models (CB4.1 and CB4-TNO), a RADM model (RADM2), and the EMEP model (adapted from Kuhn et al., 1998). 

Table 2 Annual emission of ammonia (Gg NH3) from selected European countries during the period 1985-2009 as they are used in the EMEP models...

Fagerli H, Simpson D, Svetlana T (2004) Unified EMEP Model Updates EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute. ISSN 0806-4520... 

The meteorological input required in the Unified EMEP model are the 3D horizontal and vertical wind fields, specific humidity, potential temperature cloud cover, and precipitation. The transferred surface 2D fields for use in the chemical transport model are surface pressure, 2 m temperature, surface flux of momentum, sensible and latent heat, and surface stress. All variables are given in 3-h interval. Table 13.1 lists the variables and their main purposes in the EMEP model. Inside the model different boundary layer parameters like the stability, eddy diffusion, and mixing height are calculated based on MOST. 

Table 13.2 Surface types used by the EMEP model...

The EMEP model overestimates the measurements for the territory of Slovakia, possibly due to the very complex topography. The correlation of calculated and measured concentrations decreases with altitude. 

Assessments of atmospheric pollution have been made by the regional (MSCE-HM) and the hemispherical (MSCE-HM-Hem) transport models developed in MSC-E (Ilyin et al 2004). The regional model covers the EMEP region (European domain) with the spatial resolution of 50 x 50 km the hemispheric model describes the atmospheric transport within the Northern Hemisphere with the spatial resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 . The main outputs of the modeling include data on heavy metal concentration in the air and precipitation as well as levels of deposition to the surface. Since the negative impact of heavy metals on human health and biota is mainly attributed to their long-term accumulation in environmental media, particular attention has been given to the assessment of their depositions from the atmosphere. 

For the evaluation of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition of POPs, a multi-compartment transport model EMEP/MSCE-POP is used (Mantseva et al 2004). It includes such media as the atmosphere, soil, seawater and vegetation (Figure 1). A multi-compartment approach is conditioned by the ability of POPs to be accumulated in soil, seawater and vegetation with subsequent re-emission. Apart from atmospheric transport the model also takes into account the transport of pollutants by sea currents. 

At present there exist two versions of MSCE-POP model a regional version elaborated for the EMEP region with spatial resolution 50 x 50 km and 150 x 150 km, and a hemispheric version with spatial resolution 2.5 x 2.5°. Modelling of POP transport requires information on the physical-chemical properties of considered POPs, their emissions and also meteorological and geophysical data. The model output data are calculated fields of depositions and concentrations in the main environmental media with different spatial resolutions and long-term trends of contamination by various... 

One of model s main results is spatial distribution of POP depositions and air concentrations. Calculated fields of depositions and concentrations give the opportunity to assess the changes in atmospheric contamination and deposition of POPs and to select hot spots of contamination. As an example, the spatial distribution ofPCDD/Fs depositions to the EMEP region, calculated for the beginning and the end of the considered period, is given in Figure 4. Hot spots are particular cells of the EMEP... 

To identify the areas and regions which were the most polluted by the considered POPs, the preliminary model results on the spatial distribution of their concentrations in different environmental media of the EMEP region were obtained. As an example, the spatial distributions of PCDD/F concentrations in soil, vegetation and seawater with a spatial resolution of 50 x 50 are presented in Figure 8. 

Pekar, M, Pavlova, N. Erdman, L., Ilyin, I., Strukov, B., Gusev, A., Dutchak, S. (1998). Long-Range Transport of Persistant Organic Pollutants. Development of Transport Models for Undone, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Benzo(a)pyrene. EMEP/MSCE-E Report 2/98. 

Fig. 1 Continental source attribution of the ozone observed on each day of 2008 at the EMEP rural monitoring station GB0049R at Weyboume on the North Norfolk coast of eastern England using ozone labelling techniques in a global and a regional photochemical model. Key regional refers to the ozone advected directly over the local- and regional-scales to the location North America to that formed over that continent and over the North Atlantic and east Pacific Asia to that formed over that continent and over the western Pacific Europe-interc to that advected intercontinentally around latitude circles and back into Europe Tropical to that from the southern hemisphere and tropics...

Fig. 5 Ozone isopleth diagram for 18th July 2006 at the EMEP GB0036R Harwell station plotted from the results of VOC and NOx emission sensitivity experiments performed with a Photochemical Trajectory Model [23]...

POP concentrations in the European atmosphere can be estimated from these national emission inventories by using model calculations, such as the MSCE-POP model. This is a three-dimensional Eulerian multi-compartment model operating within the geographical scope of EMEP region with a spatial resolution of 50 km x 50... 

For consistent calculation of boundary layer parameters in off-line coupling the land-use classes in the meteorological model should ideally match the land-use classes presented in EMEP (Table 13.2). In the coupling with HIRLAM, where only... 

The model system generally uses EMEP emissions. For the countries - Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary - the original 50 x 50 km data are down-scaled to 5 X 5 km based on an inventory from 1995 (Winiwarter and Zueger 1996). The EMEP data for 1999 (used for 2005 forecast) have been substituted by data for 2003 (Vestreng et al. 2004). In addition, a new highly resolved emission inventory for the city of Vienna, Austria (Orthofer et al. 2005) is used for this area. 

First, the SILAM model (Sofiev et al. 2006) was applied in adjoint mode to identify the potential sources of pollution. It was found that the aerosol peak of May 2-3 most probably originated from the Nikel metallurgy factory (Kola Peninsula, Russia) located about 200 km north from Varrio (Kaasik et al. 2007). Then the SILAM model was applied in a forward mode comparatively with the ECMWF and HIRLAM (FMI) meteorological datasets EMEP emission data on sulphate and PM, sea salt emissions calculated by SILAM, emission model based on... 

Most of HIRLAM-member institutes are using national HIRLAM NWP outputs as meteo-drivers for their ACTP modelling and air quality forecasting activities. They have already attempted to build off-line integrations of HIRLAM with their own ACTMs (CAC, Chimere, DERMA, EMEP, MATCH, SILAM). 

Improvement of HIRLAM outputs (as well as PEL schemes there) for ACT modelling applications and correspondingly improvement of ACT models (for different offline ACT models, like CAC, DACFOS, DERMA, EMEP, MATCH, SILAM)... 

The choice of the chemical and aerosol models for using with or implementation into HIRLAM/HARMONIE depends on specific tasks (e.g. for atmospheric pollution or for improvement of NWP). Current ACTMs of HIRLAM institutes (e.g. DACFOS, EMEP, MATCH, SELAM, etc.) are problem-oriented (air quality) and not very flexible for simple modifications. In CAC and Enviro-HIRLAM different... 

Offline way of integration with reading ACTM output files by HIRLAM can also improve the NWP if aerosol feedback mechanisms are incorporated into HIRLAM. However, this way could be too expensive if high-resolution ACT forecast is available. For example, some tests can be done using the CAC, DERMA, EMEP, MATCH or SILAM models (considering feedbacks with Enviro-HIRLAM version). The OAS1S4 coupler software (Redler et ah, this volume) could be tested for this work. 

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