Elution test method

There is a regulation on using burned ash of municipal wastes as construction materials for roads. The standard value is determined about Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cl, SO4, CN, conductivity and pH. The elution test method is regulated by the DIN 38414. This method is applied to solid- and paste-like wastes or slime. We add 100 g of samples of which size is adjusted to less than 10 mm into distilled water of 1 1. The solution is mixed for 24 h using a rotary agitation device. After filtrating it by a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 pm, the concentrations of metals, conductivity, and pH will be measured. 

Figure 10. A confluent monolayer (lOOx magniflcation) of well defined L929 mouse fibroblast cells exhibiting cell-to-cell contact. This appearance is indicative of a noncytotoxic (negative response in the elution test) method(Reproducedfrom reference 1. Copyright 1998 Medical Device Diagnostic Industry.)...

It is important to note that simulated distillation does not always separate hydrocarbons in the order of their boiling point. For example, high-boihng multiple-ring-type compounds may be eluted earher than normal paraffins (used as the calibration standard) of the same boiling point. Gas chromatography is also used in the ASTM D 2427 test method to determine quantitatively ethane through pentane hydrocarbons. 

Sander and wise have proposed a test method to determine the bonding chemistry used to prepare octadecylsiloxane column packings based on the relative retention of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), phenanthro-phenanthrene (PhPh), and l,2 3,4 5,6 7,8-tetrabenzonaphthalene (TBN) eluted with the mobile phase acetonitrile-water (85 15) [52,67,199,210]. On monomeric phases the test solutes elute in the... 

ASTM D-2549. Standard Test Method for Separation of Representative Aromatics and Nonaromatics Fractions of High-Boiling Oils by Elution Chromatography. 

Many standard emissions test methods and protocols require measurement of the TVOC emission rate in addition to that of individual compounds. This is usually obtained from the GC data by summing the masses of every individual analyte which elutes within a particular range (typically n-C6 to n-C16), on a nonpolar capillary GC column. Detailed procedures for this vary, with some protocols calling for individual measurements to be made by FID, others by MS. Similarly some protocols require individual compounds to be calibrated using authentic standards (i.e., standards of each specific compound found) while others allow measurements of all the individual compounds which contribute to a TVOC data point to all be calibrated as toluene (that is, in toluene equivalents ). 

The aromatics content of aviation turbine fuel is included in the aviation turbine fuel specification (ASTM D-1655). Another test method for aromatics content (ASTM D-5186) involves the injection of a small aliquot of the fuel sample onto a packed silica adsorption column and elution with supercritical carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Mono- and polynuclear aromatics in the sample are separated from nonaromatics and detected with a flame ionization detector. The chromatographic areas corresponding to the mono- and polynuclear and nonaromatic components are determined, and the mass percent content of each of these groups is calculated by area normalization. The results obtained by this method are at least statistically more precise than those obtained by other test methods (ASTM D-1319, ASTM D-2425). 

Table 9.9 shows a summary of validation results for the composite test method for a drug substance shown in Figure 9.9. The development process of this particular method is described in Chapter 8, Section 8.8.2. The key analytes of this assay are the API, an impurity eluting (impurity 1) at 6.4min that has been identified as an isomer of the API and the immediate synthetic precursor eluting at 7.6min. 

ASTM Standard Test Method for Determining the Virus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Liquid Hygienic Handwash Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Volunteers E 1838-96 Fingerpads are contaminated with the test virus and allowed to dry. The dried inoculum is exposed to test product. Virus is then eluted with or without a water rinse. Eluates and controls are titrated for infectious virus. Adopted as a standard in 1996... 

ASTM Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Handwashing Formulations for Virus-Eliminating Activity Using the Entire Hand E 2011-99 Target virus is placed on the hands and spread over the entire surface of both hands and allowed to dry. The hands are washed with the test product. The virus is eluted from fingertips. Controls and eluates are titrated for infectious virus. Adopted as a standard in 2000... 

Several kinds of leaching test methods are provided in the Netherlands from the viewpoint that the single batch leaching test shows one side of the elution behavior of the waste. Because the behavior of elution for powdery samples is different from those for a molded body, the leaching tests are different depending on the form of each sample. In addition, three kinds of test methods for the powdery waste are prepared to investigate the time dependency of dissolution behavior, as listed in Table 4. 

The NEN 7343 is a test method to understand the short-term elution behavior of the powdery waste. A column made of plastic is 5 cm in diameter and more than 20 cm in height. Sample is filled in the column so that the height of the sample in the column becomes more than four times the diameter. A nitric acid solution with pH of 4 is poured from the bottom to the top of the column. It continues until the ratio of liquid volume [ml] to solid weight [g] becomes ten. We will sample the solution at the ratio of 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0, 2.0-5.0, and 5.0-10.0, totally six times, and analyze each solution. 

The NEN 7343 is a test method to understand the medium-term elution behavior of the powdery waste. The sample size is less than 3 mm. The leaching test is performed using a nitric acid solution with pH of 4 under the condition that the ratio of liquid volume [ml] to sample weight [mg] is 20. The solution is stirred for 24 h. 

NEN 7341 is the test method to check the maximum dissolvable quantity of wastes. It is supposed that waste dumped in a final disposal place releases pollutants to the environment by elution. In this test, a sample of 8 g is added to distilled water of 400 ml. The pH of the solution will be kept 7 for 3 h by adding a nitric acid of 1 N (mol/1) with a pH monitoring automatic titration device. The solution is filtered by a membrane filter of which the pore size is 0.45 pm. The residue is added to distilled water of 400 ml. Subsequently, the pH of the solution will be kept 4 for 3 h by adding a nitric acid of 1 N (molA) with an automatic titration device. 

Coal liquids consist of hundreds of individual components and therefore, it is very difficult to identify all the individual components in a sample. The components can be classified as different types such as paraffins, naph-thenics, and aromatics. Because of an MS ability to identify compound-type unique molecular ion fragment patterns, hydrocarbon-type analysis by MS has been practiced for over four decades. ASTM D-2425 specifies a standard test method for hydrocarbon types in middle distillates by MS, with a boiling range of 20 343°C. This is within the boiling range of many CTL process products, so GC-MS has been used for hydrocarbon-type analysis in coal liquids. Initial product separations are conventionally needed for GC-MS-type analysis, such as distillation (ASTM D-86), elution chromatography. 

Anaerobic Environments. When handling anaerobic samples, extreme care is necessary to avoid contact with oxygen during sampling, transport, storage, and elution (Wallmann et al. 1993). Another method is to simulate the transition from oxic to anoxic environments by elution tests. Although the observed effects may be significant (e.g. release of As and Fe by reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) Cu and Cd fixation by sulfide formation), the time necessary for redox experiments is in the order of weeks, as compared to hours typical for pH experiments. 

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