Elitism

The effect of elitism on the fitness as a function of generation number. 

---

This procedure was tested in the analysis of pharmaceutical products Poltava s bishofite (series Elite and Profi ) and a brine of bischofite with rusty precipitate. The data bear out the sufficient accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed procedure which allows to perform the determination magnesium, iron, copper and zinc ions at concentrations above 10 M. It was found that the content of Mg ion in the studied brine decreases in comparison with Poltava s bishofite . The Fe, Cu and Zn ions were not detected in the brine. 

Akermark, C., Jacobs, I., Rasmusson, M., and Karlsson, J., 1996. Diet and muscle glycogen concentration in relation to physical performance in Swedish elite ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6 272-284. 

ISIS is only one pulsed source available for the study of liquids. Both the USA and Japan have facilities similar to SANDALS and GEM for studying liquids, but with slightly lower neutron intensity in the forms of the IPNS (Intense Pulsed Neutron Source) at the Argonne National Eab. on the instrument GEAD, and the KEK Neutron Scattering Eacility (KENS) on the instrument ELit II, respectively. 

The bicycle s advantages as the world s most mechanically efficient means of transportation are clouded by the limitations of the human engine. To put it in power output terms, the human body can produce sustained power only at modest levels. For most people, 100 watts would be too much, and for an elite athlete, 400 watts is the approximate ceiling. (The athlete may manage a brief burst of 1.1 kilowatts.)... 

CdcaCcd shoes and toeclips arc also advocated on efficiency grounds. Eveiy world-class cyclist uses toe-clips today because studies have shown significant aerobic and anaerobic benefits. Toe clips often give elite riders a false sense of power production during... 

Lasers were still tools of elite scientists, though. Moving the technology from the lab and into the marketplace took years. The first devices produced in significant quantities were military systems in the early 1970s, followed by a small but growing number of industrial and medical lasers. The laser s time had finally come. 

As with many things in life, there is a less glorious side to highflyer programs, too. Since their main aim is to furfher develop the skills of those already talented, they can promote elitism. Furthermore, they may also not be sufficiently supportive to include or retain those less willing or able to focus everything on their career (e.g. those with dependants). 

Bone isotope ratios and their bearing on elite privilege among the Classic Maya. Geoarchaeology 12 41-69. 

In the early sixteenth century Reuchlin and Paracelsus had found in kabbalah a new justification for the practice of philosophy. Reuchlin had specifically sought to provide the Renaissance magus with an elite role in society through the practice of kabbalah. As a sign of... 

Wiles and associates42 found that caffeine decreased the time needed to complete a 1500-m run and that it increased the velocity of the finishing burst among well-trained, middle distance runners. Jacobson and colleagues43 examined 20 elite, strength-trained athletes to determine the effects of caffeine on knee extensors and flexors. They found increases in voluntary strength and power output in this group of well-trained athletes. 

Flinn et al.66 conducted an interesting study using nine recreational athletes who were caffeine naive. A 10 mg/kg dose was administered 3 h prior to testing on a cycle ergometer. These researchers attributed their positive results to (1) the use of caffeine naive subjects, (2) high doses of caffeine, (3) the timing of the dose, 3 h prior to exercise allowing FFA levels to peak, and (4) the use of recreational rather than elite athletes. 

Jacobson, B. H., Weber, M. D., Claypool, L., and Hunt, L. E., Effects of caffeine on maximal strength and power in elite male athletes, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 276, 1992. 

Berlin s scientific elite welcomed Haber warmly. He became close friends with Albert Einstein, Max von Laue, and Richard Willstatter, all future Nobel Prize winning scientists. During Einstein s divorce from his first wife, Mileva, Haber drew up Einstein s financial agreement with her, promised her the Nobel Prize money that Einstein was expected to win, and stood beside the physicist at the Berlin train station as he sobbed good-byes to his sons. For more than a decade, Haber mediated between Mileva and Einstein. 

For the selection and reproduction step the idea of elitism plays a role in so far as individuals of high quality should not become extinct. On the other hand, a larger number of elitists produces untimely a homogenisation of the population. 

It is interesting to trace the development of instrument automation over the relatively brief period of the past ten to fifteen years. Early in this period, a truly automated instrument was a rare and expensive item built around a costly dedicated minicomputer. Automated data collection and analysis from any instrument which was not automated at the factory was usually accomplished by digitizing the data and storing it on a transportable media such as paper tape. These data were then delivered and fed to a timeshare system of some sort on which the data reduction program ran and which printed a report and sometimes a plot of the data. Often a considerable time delay occured between the generation and the analysis of the data. The scientist was at the mercy of the computer elite who could implement his data logger and provide the necessary computer resources to analyze his data. The process was expensive, both in time and in money. 

One of us examined the timely use of three factors (melatonin treatment, exposure to light, physical exercise) to hasten the resynchronization of the sleep-wake cycle in a group of elite sports competitors after a transmeridian flight across 12 time zones (Cardinali et al. 2002). Outdoor light exposure and physical exercise were used to cover symmetrically the phase delay and the phase advance portions of the phase-response curve. Melatonin taken at local bedtime helped to resynchronize the circadian oscillator to the new time. Individual actograms taken from sleep log data showed that all subjects became synchronized in their sleep to the local time in 24-48 h, well in advance of what would be expected in the absence of any treatment (Cardinali et al. 2002). More recently, a retrospective analysis of the data obtained from 134 normal volunteers flying the Buenos Aires - Sydney transpolar route in the past 9 years was published this further supports such a role for exogenous melatonin in resynchronization of sleep cycles (Cardinal et al. 2006). 

To prevent a good string from sneaking under the wire without us noticing it, we can use an elitism strategy (section 5.11.1) or alternatively make a note of the form of the best string every time one is created whose fitness exceeds that of any that have gone before. 

---