Elite Systems

Elite Systems under the generic title Aquablast, had players navigate a speedboat up treacherous rivers while avoiding or destroying obstacles ( Live and Let Die ). 

Lasers were still tools of elite scientists, though. Moving the technology from the lab and into the marketplace took years. The first devices produced in significant quantities were military systems in the early 1970s, followed by a small but growing number of industrial and medical lasers. The laser s time had finally come. 

It is interesting to trace the development of instrument automation over the relatively brief period of the past ten to fifteen years. Early in this period, a truly automated instrument was a rare and expensive item built around a costly dedicated minicomputer. Automated data collection and analysis from any instrument which was not automated at the factory was usually accomplished by digitizing the data and storing it on a transportable media such as paper tape. These data were then delivered and fed to a timeshare system of some sort on which the data reduction program ran and which printed a report and sometimes a plot of the data. Often a considerable time delay occured between the generation and the analysis of the data. The scientist was at the mercy of the computer elite who could implement his data logger and provide the necessary computer resources to analyze his data. The process was expensive, both in time and in money. 

Murashige [48] has proposed the concept of artificial seed as an approach to the mass propagation of elite plant varieties. Artificial seeds are expected to be a reliable delivery system for the clonal propagation of elite plants [49-51]. The delivery system has the potential for genetic uniformity, high yield, and low cost of production. Hairy root methodology is one of the promising candidates as material for artificial seed. 

Before reviewing cost functions used in crystal structure prediction it is worth noting that good book keeping within a computer code can prevent many unnecessary calls to the cost-function subroutine which evaluates candidate structure . For example, consider the rock salt system used to produce Fig. 4, with Pm set such that on average only one bit per new candidate structure is mutated. After 300 cycles of a GA, if all candidates are evaluated after each cycle there will be 30,100 calls to the cost-function subroutine. Even without elitism (copying the best candidate in the current population into the new population), by evalu-... 

The nomenklatura was a system of appointments to all decision-making positions throughout the Soviet party-state and whose unparalleled importance made it colloquially synonymous with the elite or ruling class itself. 

---