Elephantiasis

Diethylcarbama2iae (9) (orally administered) has been successful for decades in the treatment of filariasis, eg, elephantiasis (32). It kills microfilariae in the blood of the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malaji and lj)a loa. 

Diethylcarbama2iae has limited antimicrofilarial activity against Onchocerca volvulus. Adults of W. bancrofti the filarial worm causiag elephantiasis, coil in the lymph system. Here females can attain a length of 10 cm. Over the years, tissue reactions result in obstmction to lymph return. Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and the spleen become enlarged. The condition of elephantiasis is a late and unusual complication of filariasis, where the lower extremities of the body become edematous, enlarge, and over a period of time harden with a rough nodular skin. 

Elephantiasis, oedema of the lower leg consequent to obstruction of the lymphatic drainage, is endemic in bare-footed subjects in the Cameroons and other regions of Africa. The identification of aluminosilicate clay... 

Immunopathological phenomena play an important role in the pathology of filariases (such as blindness caused by 0. volvulus and elephantiasis... 

The filarial worms differ from other nematodes in that they are threadlike and are found in blood and tissue. The infective larvae enter following the bite of an infected arthropod (fly or mosquito). They then enter the lymphatics and lymph nodes. Fever, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis are associated with the early stage of the disease. Chronic infections may be characterized by elephantiasis as a result of lymphatic obstruction. Some species of filarial worms migrate in the subcutaneous tissues and produce nodules and blindness (onchocerciasis). 

It is mainly indicated in scabies, ascariasis trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis (River blindness) and elephantiasis. It is drug of choice for onchocerciasis producing long lasting reduction in microfilaria without affecting adult worm. 

Jamal, S., Casley-Smith, J.R. Casley-Smith, J.R. (1989) The effects of 5,6-benzo-[a]-pyrone (coumarin) and DEC in filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis in India. Preliminary results. trop. Med. Parasitol., 83, 287-290 Kaighen, M. Williams, R.T. (1961) The metabolism of [3coumarin. J. med. Chem., 3, 25-43... 

W. bancrofti and B. malayi. Both of these species affect mainly the lymphatic systems or connective tissues, causing elephantiasis or hydrocele. Geographically, W. bancrofti is found in Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, while B. malayi is more prevalent in Southeast Asia. The microfilariae of both of these species are detectable at night and circulate in the peripheral blood. 

Nematoda Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Oncho- River blindness, elephantiasis,... 

Lymphogranuloma venereum an infectious venereal disease marked progressively by lymph node hypertrophy, lymphatic obstruction, and elephantiasis of external genitalia. 

After years of infestation, the arms, iegs, and scrotum fill with fluid causing elephantiasis. 

Filariasis. In its microform, Wuchereria ban-crofti is transmitted by mosquitoes the adult parasites live in the lymph system and cause inflammations and blockage of lymph drainage leading to elephantiasis in extreme cases (B). Therapy diethylcarbamazepine for several weeks adverse reactions are chiefly due to products from disintegrating worms. 

C. sinensis [root], fanthoxylmn elephantiasis (Rutaceae) [bark] induced NO]... 

ELEPHAS — is Aqua Fortis it also stands for Leprosy, Elephantiasis, and the varieties of these diseases. 

Adult worms of Wuchereria bancrofti live in the blood and lymph of the host. Elephantiasis, characterized by extreme enlargement of a host s extremities, is the rare but dramatic result of the host body s defensive reaction to the presence of the worms. 

Mosquitoes, are the most notorious carriers, or vectors, of disease and parasites. Female mosquitoes rely on warm-blooded hosts to serve as a blood meal to nourish their eggs. During the process of penetrating a host s skin with their long, sucking mouth parts, saliva from the mosquito is transferred into the bite area. Any viral, protozoan, or helminth infections carried in the biting mosquito can be transferred directly into the blood stream of its host. Among these are malaria, yellow fever, W. bancrofti (filariasis and elephantiasis), and D. immitis (heartworm). 

Haarbrink M, Terhell AJ, Abadi GK, Mitsui Y, Yazdanbakhsh M. Adverse reactions following diethyl-carbamazine (DEC) intake in endemic normals , micro-filaraemics and elephantiasis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999 93(l) 91-6. 

Early-stage elephantiasis caused by bancroftian filariasis in a 27-year-old traveller was treated with a single-dose oral combination of ivermectin 24 mg plus albendazole 400 mg, followed by albendazole 800 mg for 21 days (14). To avoid a severe Mazzotti-like reaction, he was given oral glucocorticoids and antihistamines for 3 days. He had a transient rash, pruritus, and mild hypotension on the days after the initial treatment, but otherwise remained well and the swelling subsided. Within 1 month he was free of symptoms. At the last follow-up examination, 3 years after treatment, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of relapse. The authors thought that this type of treatment should be evaluated on a wider scale, given the minimal adverse events and apparent therapeutic efficacy. 

Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D, Bergmann F, Suttorp N. Early-stage elephantiasis in bancroftian fUariasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001 20(ll) 835-6. 

Mitragyna inermis (Willd)O.Kze. Unknown name Elephantiasis (R) Water boiling... 

The potential for serious outbreaks of disease always exists and happens with surprising frequency, as shown recently by numerous outbreaks of the tiek-homc Lyme disease, and mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. Malaria, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, elephantiasis, and many other major human diseases are caused by parasites that spend part of their life cycles in people, and partly in vectors such as insects (see Table 18.1). 

Wuchereria bancrofti Bmgia malayi Lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis 100... 

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