Electrostatic hazard control

Haase, H., Electrostatic Hazards Evaluation and Control, Weinheim, Verlag Chemie, 1977... 

The assessment and control of electrostatic hazards associated with process or operation requires a systematic analysis. General precautions include ... 

Another critical part of the incinerator design is the pollution control system.11 Pollution control systems directly influence the levels and kinds of pollutants that are released and that can potentially reach the public. Most modern hazardous waste incinerators are designed with extensive air pollution removal systems. For example, a common pollution control system might include a system that cools or quenches gases produced by burning waste, followed by a system that reduces acid gas emissions, and ultimately followed by a particulate removal system such as fabric filters (bag-houses), electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers, and others.10... 

Exhaust gases leaving the kiln pass through highly efficient air pollution control devices such as baghouse filters or electrostatic precipitators. The high temperatures required to make cement destroy 99.99% or more of the organic hazardous wastes. The content of hydrocarbons... 

Under USEPA s BIF mle, manufacturers are required to closely monitor numerous conditions in the kiln and to observe limits on the following aspects of the process (a) the maximum feed rate of hazardous waste fuel (b) the maximum feed rate of metals from both raw materials and fuels (c) the maximum feed rate of chlorine from raw materials and fuels (d) the maximum feed rate of raw materials (e) the maximum temperature at the inlet to the air pollution control devices (f) the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the flue gas (g) the maximum temperature in the combustion zone or minimum temperature at the kiln inlet and (h) any decrease of pressure at the baghouses or any decline in the strength of the electric field of electrostatic precipitators (both are types of air pollution control devices). 

In previous studies we found that improved emission-control devices (such as hot-side electrostatic precipitaters and wet-scrubber systems) now being installed on modern pulverized-coal-fired power plants modify the quantity, chemical composition, and distribution characteristics of fine aerosol emissions (12,13). Such modifications must be understood to adequately assess human health and environmental hazards, and to apportion the contributions of sources to urban pollutant inventories. 

The removal of dust particles, typically 1 to 1,000 microns in diameter, from gas streams (also called gas cleaning) is accomplished on an industrial scale by four main types of equipment (1) bag filters, (2) cyclones using centrifugal force, (3) electrostatic precipitators, and (4) venturi scrubbers using washing with a liquid. Reasons for dust collection include air-pollution control, elimination of safety and health hazards, recovery of a valuable product, improvement in the quality of other products, and reduction of equipment maintenance. Typical ranges of particle size that can be efficiently removed by each of the four methods are as follows ... 

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