Electrophoresis array

Proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates have all been. separated in minimum times by CZE. In the case of neutral carbohydrates, the separations are preceded by formation of negatively charged borate complexes. The separation of protein mixtures is illustrated by Figure 33-13. Feature 33-1 discusses the use of capillary electrophoresis arrays for DNA sequencing. 

A capillary electrophoresis systems Agilent CE 1100 (HP, USA) equipped with a diode array detector was used to separate and quantify... 

There are other, nonhydrogel, new materials for chromatographic and electrophoretic separations [7,8,103,164,199,214,377,407], Eor example, Volkmuth and Austin [407] proposed electrophoretic studies in microlithographic arrays of posts and channels etched into sihcon wafers. This material may be useful for studying fundamental transport characteristics of macromolecules in defined media, and many recent studies have been conducted to develop chromatography and electrophoresis on silicon wafers with micron-scale channels... 

Duke, TAJ Austin, RH Cox, EC Chan, SS, Pulsed-field Electrophoresis in Microligho-graphic Arrays, Electrophoresis 17, 1075, 1996. 

VoUcmuth, WD Austin, RH, DNA Electrophoresis in Microhthographic Arrays, Natnre 358, 600, 1992. 

AMPA = aminomethylphosphoric acid, CZE = capillary zone electrophoresis, DAD = = diode array detector. MEKC =... 

For many applications, diode array detection has become routine. A photodiode array was used for simultaneous detection of 100 capillaries in zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).1516 Deflection of a laser beam by acoustic waves was reported as a means to scan six capillary channels on a microchip.17 The design of a low-noise amperometric detector for capillary electrophoresis has been reported.18... 

In E. Coli bacterial lysates, the proteome (i.e., the full array of proteins produced) was analyzed by isoelectric focusing and mass spectrometry.97 A comparison of capillary electrophoretic separation and slab gel separation of a recombinant monoclonal antibody demonstrated that the precision, robustness, speed, and ease-of-use of CE were superior.98 Seventy-five proteins from the yeast ribosome were analyzed and identified by capillary electrophoresis coupled with MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry.99 Heavy-chain C-terminal variants of the anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody DE7 have been separated on capillary isoelectric focusing.100 Isoforms differing by about 0.1 pi units represented antibodies with 0,1 or 2 C-terminal lysines. 

Shi Y., Simpson P.C., Scherer J.R., Wexler D., Skibola C., Smith, M.T., and Mathies R.A., Radial capillary array electrophoresis microplate and scanner for high-performance nucleic acid analysis, Anal. Chem. 71, 5354, 1999. 

Kheterpal I. and Mathies R. A., Capillary array electrophoresis. DNA sequencing, Anal. Chem. News Features, 71 (1), 31A, 1999. 

Gong, Y. and Yeung, E.S., An absorption detection approach for multiplexed capillary electrophoresis using a linear photodiode array, Anal. Chem. 71,4989, 1999. 

Ishihama, Y. Nakamura, M. Miwa, T. Kajima, T. Asakawa, N., A rapid method forpKa determination of drugs using pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis with photodiode array detection in drug discovery, j. Pharm. Sci. 91, 933-942 (2002). 

The difficulty with protein arrays is that proteins do not behave as uniformly as nucleic acid. Protein function is dependent on a precise, and fragile, three-dimensional structure that may be difficult to maintain in an array format. In addition, the strength and stability of interactions between proteins are not nearly as standardized as nucleic acid hybridization. Each protein-protein interaction is unique and could assume a wide range of affinities. Currently, protein expression mapping is performed almost exclusively by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The development of protein arrays, however, could provide another powerful... 

Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q., Chilton, N.B., Newton, L.A., Nedergaard, T. and Guldberg, P. (1998e) Analysis of sequence homogenisation in rDNA arrays of Haemonchus contortusby DGGE. Electrophoresis 19, 2391—2395. 

O Shaughnessy RF et al. PA-FABP, a novel marker of human epidermal transit amplifying cells revealed by 2D protein gel electrophoresis and cDNA array hybridisation. FEBS Lett 2000 486 149-154. 

In a different approach a super-high-throughput ee-assay was developed on the basis of chirally modified capillary array electrophoresis (CAE).90 CAE was used in the Human Genome Project, and commercially available instruments have been developed which comprise a high number of capillaries in parallel, for example the 96-capillary unit MegaBACE consisting of 6 bundles of 16 capillaries.91 The system can address a 96-well microtiter plate. It was adapted to perform ee-determinations of chiral amines, which are potentially accessible by catalytic reductive amination of ketones, transition metal catalyzed Markovnikov addition of ammonia, or enzymatic hydrolysis of acetamides (Scheme 14).90... 

M. Trojanowicz, L. Wojcik and K. Urbaniak Walczak, Identification of natural dyes in historical Coptic textiles by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 48, 607 620 (2003). 

The basic components of an LC-NMR system are some form of chromatographic instrument and an NMR spectrometer equipped with a flow-probe, as shown in Fig. 19.17. In terms of the chromatography of choice, there are many examples in the literature of a wide array of separation instruments employed, from SFC to capillary electrophoresis (CE) [87,88]. By far the most common method (not necessarily the best choice from a separation point of view) of achieving the desired separation is through HPLC. There are many commercial... 

R. Loos, M.C. Alonso and D. Barcelo, Solid-phase extraction of polar hydrophilic aromatic sulfonates followed by capillary zone electrophoresis-UV absorbance detection and ion-pair liquid chromatography-diode array UV detection and electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr.A 890 (2000) 225-237. 

The Human Genome Project (see Appendix 2, Section A2.3.3) was completed in 2006. One method it used to improve the speed and quality of the sequencing was capillary array electrophoresis (Exhibit 3.12). 

Deterding, L.J. Tomer, K.B. Wellemans, J.M.Y. Cemy, R.L. Gross, M.L. Capillary Electrophoresis/Tandem Mass Spectrometry With Array Detection. Eur. Mass Spectrom. 1999,5, 33-40. 

Yang, W. C., Yu, A. M., and Chen, H. Y. (2001). Applications of a copper microparticle-modified carbon fiber microdisk array electrode for the simultaneous determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis. /. Chromatogr. A 905, 309—318. 

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