Electronic transduction

I. Willner and B. Willner, Electronic transduction of photostimulated binding interactions at photoisomerizable monolayer electrodes novel approaches for optobioelectronic systems and reversible immunosensor devices. Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 991-1002 (1999). 

Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (2001) Detection of single-base DNA mutations by enzyme-amplified electronic transduction. Nat Biotechnol 19 253-258... 

An ISE is composed of an ion-selective membrane and an ion-to-elec-tron transducer. In the conventional ISE, the ion-to-electron transduction takes place at the internal reference electrode that is immersed in the inner filling solution. In the case of the commonly used Ag/AgCl reference electrode immersed in an electrolyte solution containing Cl anions, the ion-to-electron transduction process can be written as follows ... 

Principle of ion-to-electron transduction in conducting polymer-based ISEs... 

Conducting polymers have already been well documented in conjunction with the classical ionophore-based solvent polymeric ion-selective membrane as an ion-to-electron transducer. This approach has been applied to both macro- and microelectrodes. However, with careful control of the optimisation process (i.e. ionic/electronic transport properties of the polymer), the doping of the polymer matrix with anion-recognition sites will ultimately allow selective anion recognition and ion-to-electron transduction to occur within the same molecule. This is obviously ideal and would allow for the production of durable microsensors, as conducting polymer-based electrodes, and due to the nature of their manufacture these are suited to miniaturisation. There are various examples of anion-selective sensors formed using this technique reported in the literature, some of which are listed below. 

Electronic Transduction of Photoswitchable Redox Functions of Biomaterials 1185... 

Scheme 7 Electronic transduction of photo-switchable bioelectrocatalytic functions of proteins, (A) by the tethering of photoisomerizable units to the protein (R is a diffusional electron mediator that electrically contacts the redox...

In the next section, we will address different systems tailored along these lines, leading to the electronic transduction of photoswitchable redox biomaterial functions. 

Electronic Transduction of Photoswitchabie Redox Functions cf Biomaterials 1195... 

Electronic Transduction of Photoswitchable Antigen-Antibody Interactions at Solid Supports I 197... 

Whatever the market, wherever the application, the development of the Sensor Device requires separate and linked investigation at various levels. Even without a particular final goal, our basic understanding of immunoassay, enzyme-linked assay, recognition proteins, catalytic active sites and their electronic transduction will continue to occupy the field, in addition to more downstream considerations such as life-time levels of detection etc. the list could be unending, these for example, are just some of the considerations ... 

FIG. 7.19 Electronic transduction of phocoswitchable bioelectrocacalytic functions of enzymesf proteins by the application of a photoisomerizable command Interfece that controis the electrical contact between die redox enzyme/protain and the electrode. 

The electronic transduction of the formation of antigen-antibody complexes has been used as the basis for immunosensor devices. Several trans-... 

Substantial progress has been accomplished in the fabrication of molecular and biomolecular optoelectronic devices. Light-activated molecular and bio-molecular systems have been integrated with electronic transducers, and the optical switching of the systems has been electronically transduced to the macroscopic environment. In particular, the photonic switching of an electron-transfer cascade has allowed the amplified electronic transduction of an input... 

PEDOT PSS-Based Electrochemical Transistors for Ion-to-Electron Transduction and Sensor Signal Amplification... 

The PEDOT PSS-based electrochemical transistor balance at the boundary between amperometric and potentiometric sensor functionality. Its device architecture is simple and robust and these PEDOT PSS sensors can easily be manufactured using standard printing technologies. In addition, its proper ion-to-electron transduction characteristics and the possibility to integrate biologically active substances promise for simple and sensitive sensors in the... 

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