Electrolytic synthesis

Metals can be inserted into metal-metal bonds during electrochemical oxidation reactions. The compounds Hg[M(CO),]2 (M = Mn or Re), Hg[Mo(CO)3Cp-T7 ]2 and Hg(Fe(CO)2Cp-i7 ]2 are formed during electrolysis of the carbonyl dimers in dimethoxyethanc with Hg electrodes . The electrolytic syntheses of Zn and Cd derivatives ... 

Voltaic cells have been used by Malov et al. to investigate several silver salts, including superionic electrolytes synthesized on the basis of Agl, such as AgRbb, AgSI, and Agf,W04l4. 

A method that completely electrolyzes the substances under study is used in electrogravimetry and coulometry. The method is also useful in electrolytic separations and electrolytic syntheses. Electrolysis is carried out either at a controlled potential or at a controlled current. 

In the electrogravimetry and coulometry described in Section 5.6, the substance under study is completely electrolyzed in obtaining the analytical information. A complete electrolysis is also carried out in electrolytic syntheses and separations. Electrolytic methods are advantageous in that they need no chemical reagent and in that optimum reaction conditions can easily be obtained by controlling electrode potentials. 

Consider the production of chlorine and caustic soda from brine. This process is one of the most important commercial, electrolytic syntheses worldwide production of chlorine is currently 30 million tons per year. In one electrochemical route the overall reaction is... 

Although the F2 produced in these reactions is derived at normal temperatures and pressures from reagents which may be kept indefinitely at ordinary temperatures (in suitable containers), the preparation is nevertheless not a primary one. Fluorine (or presumably electrolytic syntheses) must be used to generate IrFe or PtFe. Indeed there is still no definitive primary chemical preparation of this halogen. 

An alternative structure was developed afterwards, using organic conductive polymers instead of inorganic Prussian Blue [75,76]. Good results are obtained using polythiophenes and an organic electrolyte, synthesized after the method explained by Ding et al. [77]. 

Electrolytic cells are used for technical processes such as electrolytic syntheses, electrorefining of metals, and electroplating. 

Phase transfer agents have been added to organic solutions in order to solubilize salts which comprise supporting electrolytes in electrolytic syntheses [33]. Both naphthalene and anisole were anodically cyanated in dichloromethane according to equation 7.17. The reaction was found to be clean, and high yield, although in both cases, mixtures of positional isomers were isolated. The fact that the reaction was not current efficient was compensated by the inexpensive nature of the supporting electrolyte. 

We have discussed luminescent ionogels prepared from the immobilization of ionic liquids by PMMA polymer and gelatin biopolymer. Among the polymers, poly (ionic liquid)s have attracted considerable attention in the field of polymer chemistry and materials science, because they combine the unique properties of ILs with a macromolecular architecture. Poly(ionic liquid)s are a special kind of electrolytes synthesized by polymerization of monomeric ionic liquids, which combine the functionality of ionic liquid with the spatial control of the ionic liquid moieties. They show obvious advantages, such as enhanced mechanical stability, improved processability, durability, etc., which make them suitable for various applications... 

Omata, T. (2007) Nanocrystals of zirconia- and ceria-based solid electrolytes Syntheses. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 8, 524-30. 

The electrolytic syntheses of the oxides AgjOj and AgjO are carried out in a simple beaker containing the electrolyte. Only for the synthesis of AgO a closed cell is required, because in the latter case electrolysis has to be performed at a temperature of about 100°, which is close to the boiling point of the electrolyte. 

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