Electrolytic methods pyrolysis

Another method to improve the structural order of CMs is the conversion of the precursors to fibers prior to the pyrolysis step [377]. The precursor polymer may be stretched in addition. Carbon fibers are manufactured in large quantities as reinforcements in composite materials, after Bowen [403] and Fitzer [404]. Surface and bulk activation can be accomplished by anodic oxidation in dilute aqueous electrolytes (cf. Besenhard et al. [405, 406]). But carbon fibers with various degrees of graphitization have also been employed recently in rechargeable batteries [407-411] and in electrochemical double layer capacitors [18, 412-416]. This takes advantage of two fiber specific effects, namely... 

PZC/IEP of ZrOj Obtained from Isopropoxide by Flame Pyrolysis Electrolyte T Method Instrument pH, Reference... 

Decreasing operation temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrocatalytic reactors down to 800-1100 K requires developments of novel materials for electrodes and catalytic layers, applied onto the surface of solid electrolyte or mixed conducting membranes, with a high performance at reduced temperatures. Highly-dispersed active oxide powders can be prepared and deposited using various techniques, such as spray pyrolysis, sol-gel method, co-precipitation, electron beam deposition etc. However, most of these methods are relatively expensive or based on the use of complex equipment. This makes it necessary to search for alternative synthesis and porous-layer processing routes, enabling to decrease the costs of electrochemical cells. Recently, one synthesis technique based on the use... 

A variant of the spray pyrolysis method based on electrostatic spray-assisted vapor deposition (ESAVD) can also be used [110] in which the mixed co-solvent and precursor electrolyte is atomized by an electric field. The morphology of the thin films obtained from this method is very dependent on the process temperature (Figure 5.14) [110]. For example, in the case of CdS deposition [110] amorphous films are obtained below 300°C (process I in Figure 5.14). Cadmium... 

As compared to SWCNTs, the properties of capacitors based on double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) were not published so frequently, as pure DWCNTs are very hard to obtain. Basically, DWCNTs and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have a lower surface area for EDL formation as compared to SWCNTs. On the other hand, a variety of works on capacitive performance of MWCNTs has been published, as they are relatively easily synthesized and are much cheaper than SWCNTs. As dependent on the methods of synthesis and modifications, different types of MWCNTs with different specific surface area values were obtained. Their specific capacitance values obtained in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes are from 10 to 100 F/g. However, they are not so high as in the case of ACs. On the other hand, one must point out that bulk capacitance is relatively high because of high bulk density of MWCNTs. Synthesis of MWCNTs is often carried out by pyrolysis of ethylene using catalysts, for example, Fe-Co. 

Soda ash can be produced synthetically by one of several processes that use commonly available raw materials such as limestone, salt, and coke. Some of the these processes include the Leblanc process, Solvay process, electrolytic process, caustic carbonation process, Caprolactum pyrolysis, ammonium chloride process, new Asahi (NA) process, Akzo process, Ormiston Mining process, and Huls process. The Solvay process is the most commonly used method for the manufacture of synthetic soda ash. This method is discussed in the following text. For details of all the processes see Ref 17. 

In spray pyrolysis, very fine droplets are sprayed onto a heated substrate. The limitations of this process are the same as those for spin-on coating. This is often also true for the method of preparation of soHd electrolytes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes, which in addition are more expensive also, the precursors are often very toxic. 

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