Haemorrhagic shock

There are several mechanisms that could explain the protective effect of o-adrenergic blockade against the shock-mediated cytokine-associated injury to the alveolar epithelium  

---

A number of studies have demonstrated the depletion of antioxidants during ischaemia. SOD and hepatic GSH are decreased after periods of ischaemia or haemorrhagic shock (Shi et al., 1986 Younes and Strubelt, 1988 Marubayashi et al., 1989 Stein et al.,... 

Deitch, E.A., Bridges, W., Baker, J., Ma, L., Grisham, M.B., Granger, D.N., Specian, R.D. and Berg, R. (1988). Haemorrhagic shock-induced bacterial translocation is reduced by xanthine oxidase inhibition or inactivation. Surgery 104, 191-198. 

Itoh, M. and Guth, P.H. (1985), Role of oxygen-derived ftee radicals in haemorrhagic shock-induced gastric lesions in the rat. Gastroenterology 88, 1162-1167. 

Schoeninger, L. O., Reilly, P. M., Bulkley, G. B., and Buchman, T. G., Heat-shock gene expression excludes hepatic acute phase expression after resuscitation from haemorrhagic shock. Surgery 112,355-363 (1992). 

HSA is used as a plasma expander in the treatment of haemorrhage, shock, burns and oedema, as well as being administered to some patients after surgery. For adults, an initial infusion containing at least 25 g of albumin is used. The annual world demand for HSA exceeds 3001, representing a market value of the order of US 1 billion. 

Trauma, major surgery, bums or haemorrhagic shock can result in damage to the small and large intestine. Damage to the colon in particular can increase the translocation of bacteria into the peritoneal cavity leading to sepsis ( see below and Chapter 18). 

It is unlikely that the rate of ATP generation in the hver under normal conditions will be decreased to such an extent that ATP/ADP concentration will be seriously affected. However, some extreme physiological conditions, such as intense and prolonged physical activity, prolonged starvation and haemorrhagic shock may result in reduced perfusion of the liver and lack of oxygen that could result in a marked decrease in the rate of ATP generation. The effect... 

D. Longrois, P. Menu, Resuscitation of severe but brief haemorrhagic shock with PFC in rabbits restores skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and does not alter skeletal muscle metabolism. Resuscitation 70 (2006) 124-132. 

Complications The possible outcome of oesophageal haemorrhage can take the following forms (7.) haemorrhagic shock, (2.) acute liver or kidney failure, (S.) hepatic encephalopathy (culminating in hepatic coma), (4.) consumptive coagulopathy, and (5.) aspiration pneumonia. 

C9. Collins, D. A., and Hamilton, A. S., Change in renin-angiotensin system in haemorrhagic shock. Amer. J. Physiol. 140, 499-503 (1944). 

Ml. Mack, E., and Egdahl, R. H., Cortisol secretion in haemorrhagic shock. Surg. Forum 18, 48-52 (1967). 

Wagner JA, Varga K, Ellis EF, Rzigalinski BA, Martin BR, Kunos G (1997) Activation of peripheral CBI cannabinoid receptors in haemorrhagic shock. Nature 390 518-521... 

B17. Brooks, D. K., Williams, W. G., Manley, R. W., and Whitman, P., Osmolar and electrolyte changes in haemorrhagic shock. Hypertonic solutions in the prevention of tissue damage. Lancet I, 521-527 (1963). 

Teng, C.H. et al.. Protective action of capsaicin and chilli on haemorrhagic shock-induced gastric mucosal injury in the rat, J. Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13, 1007,1998. 

McDonald MC, Mota-Fllipe H, Thiemermann C. Effects of inhibitors of the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase on the organ injury and dysfunction caused by haemorrhagic shock. Br J... 

The toxins of the cyanobacteria can be classified into categories corresponding to the organs they affect and the type of toxicity they exert. One group encompasses small cyclic peptides (microcystines), which, in relation to their specific transport features, are highly liver-toxic and lead within a few hours to a haemorrhagic shock. Another group consists of neurotoxins, which can be fatal within a few minutes. Anatoxin A binds irreversibly to the nicotinic acetylcholine... 

Albumin contributes to around 80% of the total osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins. Because of its considerably low molecular weight compared to globulin, it is a more effective species osmotlcally. Therefore, a loss or deficiency of plasma albumin has a more negative effect on fluid balance in the body. Lowered plasma albumin leads to diminished blood volume which precipitates into a state of haemorrhagic shock. 

---