Electrochemistry introduction

M. R. Rift and E. H. Covitz, Introduction to Organic Electrochemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1974. 

The solution to reference electrode instabiUty is the introduction of a third or auxiUary electrode. This particular electrode is intended to carry whatever current is required to keep the potential difference between the working and reference electrodes at a specified value, and virtually all potentiostats (instmments designed specifically for electrochemistry) have this three-electrode configuration. Its use is illustrated in Figure 3. 

The present Section, which provides an outline of selected relevant topics in electrochemistry, is intended primarily as an introduction to aqueous corrosion for those readers whose basic training has not involved a study of electrochemistry. The scope of electrochemistry is enormous and cannot be treated adequately here, but there are now a number of excellent books on the subject, and it is hoped that this outline will serve to stimulate further study. The topics selected are as follows a) the nature of the electrified interface between the metal and the solution, (b) adsorption, (c) transfer of charge across the interface under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, d) overpotential and the rate of an electrode reaction and (e) the hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen absorption by ferrous alloys. For reasons of space a number of important topics, such as the electrochemistry of electrolyte solutions, have been omitted. 

H. Rickert, Solid State Electrochemistry An Introduction, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 

Gutmann, F. An Introduction to the Electrochemistry of Charge Transfer Complexes II 13... 

From this discussion it is clear, that, independently of their redox properties, suitably modified electrodes offer themselves for the introduction of diastereo- or enantioselectivity into electrochemistry. Early reports of chiral inductions at modified electrodes include reactions at graphite and SnO surfaces derivatized with monolayers of (S)-(—)-phenylalanine. Asymmetric inductions at the chiral graphite electrode could, however, not be verified in other laboratories even after great efforts... 

Lund, H., and M. M. Baizer, Organic Electrochemistry An Introduction and Guide, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. 

See the NACE Papers Oliver W. Siebert, Correlation of Laboratory Electrochemical Investigations with Field Applications of Anodic Protection, Materials Performance, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 38-43, February 1981 Anodic Protection, Materials Performance, vol. 28, no. 11, p. 28, November 1989, adapted by NACE from Corrosion Basics— An Introduction. (Houston, Tex. NACE, 1984, pp. 105-107) J. Ian Munro and Winston W. Shim, Anodic Protection— Its Operation and Appheations, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 22-24, May 2001 and a two-part series, J. Ian Munro, Anodic Protection of White and Green Kraft Liquor Tankage, Part I, Electrochemistry of Kraft Liquors, and Part 11, Anodic Protection Design and System Operation, Materials Performance, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 22-26, February 2002, and vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 24-28, March 2002. 

Perhaps the most important experimental progress made recently in electrochemistry was the introduction of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). Tsionsky et al. have used SECM to study also the rate of ET across a lipid monolayer at the water-benzene interface [48,49]. The presence of the monolayer decreased the rate of ET, being the decrease more significant for longer hydrocarbon chains and larger lipid concentration in solution. It was thus concluded that the ET reaction does not occur at defect sites in the lipid monolayer. 

S. Glasstone, An Introduction to Electrochemistry, Eighth Printing, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.,... 

Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1976. Robbins, J., Ions in Solution, Vol. 2, An Introduction to Electrochemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1972. 

Current interest in the electrochemical behavior of organic compounds is attested to by a number of recent books and reviews devoted to various aspects of the subject. The recent article in this series by Eberson and Schafer constitutes a good general introduction to the state of the art in synthetic and mechanistic organic electrochemistry, and also contains, in Chapter 1, many useful references for the interested reader who wishes to delve deeper into the extensive literature of organic electrochemistry. 

The late 1980s saw the introduction into electrochemistry of a major new technique, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), which allows real-space (atomic) imaging of the structural and electronic properties of both bare and adsorbate-covered surfaces. The technique had originally been exploited at the gas/so id interface, but it was later realised that it could be employed in liquids. As a result, it has rapidly found application in electrochemistry. 

Mamantov, G., Hussey, C. L., and Marassi, R., An Introduction to Electrochemistry in Molten Salts, in Techniques for Characterization of Electrodes and Electrochemical Processes, R. Varma and J. R. Selman, Editors. 1991, John Wiley Sons New York. p. 471. 

Many of the processes that are familiar from ordinary electrochemistry have an analog at ITIES so these form a wide field of study. We limit ourselves to a brief introduction into a few important topics thermodynamics, double-layer properties, and charge-transfer reactions. Further details can be found in several good review articles... 

This book is divided into three parts the first part covers the fundamental aspects, which should form the backbone of any course. As is evident from the title I consider electrochemistry to be a science of interfaces - the definition is given in the introduction -, so I have treated the interfaces between a metal or a semiconductor and an electrolyte solution, and liquid-liquid interfaces. I have not considered solid... 

Also, try Electrode Dynamics, by A. C. Fisher, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, which is another title in the Oxford primer series. Its early chapters discuss the transport of analyte through solution and the various rates inherent in a dynamic electrochemistry measurement. It is a readily affordable and readable introduction and highly recommended. 

Understanding Batteries by R. M. Dell and D. A. Rand, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2001, represents a good introduction to the topic, as does Electrochemistry... 

Historical introductions to chemistry courses and citations in journal articles provided ample opportunity for scientists to trace family lines to suit the discipline-building task at hand and to set up a record for later historians. Ostwald made sure to settle his name into a progeny of physical chemists in his history of electrochemistry. Later, Ingold minimized the historical role of contemporary rivals by spare citations to work well known at the time. 

Sorensen is usually considered to be the first to have realized the importance of hydrogen ion concentration in cells and in the solutions in which the properties of cell components were to be studied. He is also credited with the introduction of the pH scale. Electrochemistry started at the end of the nineteenth century. By 1909, Sorensen had introduced a series of dyes whose color changes were related to the pH of the solution, which was determined by the H+ electrode. The dyes were salts of weak acids or weak bases. He also devised simple methods for preparing phosphate buffer solutions covering the pH range 6-8. Eventually buffers and indicators were provided covering virtually the whole pH range. 

This unique book bridges the gap between undergraduate and research-level electrochemistry books, and will be welcomed as an introduction to electrochemical applications within inorganic chemistry. 

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