Electrochemical diagnostic methods

The anti-DNA antibody has been used as a marker molecule of Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) which is a severe autoimmune disease. Enzyme immunoassay is the most reliable, widely used method of assay however, the electrochemical detection method reported here should be interesting for the purpose of a rapid and convenient diagnostic tool of SLE. 

Lim CY, Haas HR (2006) A diagnostic method for an electrochemical fuel cell and fuel cell components. WO patent 2006029254... 

Thus, we implement robust diagnostic methods, which are as un-intmsive as possible, with a view to management of the battery s operation and predictive maintenance of the components during their operation. These methods are based on electrical or empirical models using measurements of the voltage, current and temperature, and monitoring of the electrical parameters which are representative either of the SOC or the SOH. These electrical parameters are obtained from electrochemical measurements taken by impedance spectroscopy (Sequential measurements described in section 2.4.12) or by pulsed current (temporal measurements) such as the internal resistance. Thermal models on the scale of the element or of the pack are also of crucial importance. ... 

A review of biochips and microarrays [4] considers requirements for biochemical and medical diagnostic applications, focusing on sihcon manufacturing technology coupled with magnetic beads, nucleic acid recognition, and enzyme catalysis. This review includes optical as well as electrochemical measurement methods. 

It is the purpose here to briefly review the state of the art of the most important electrochemical methods for medical applications, and report on the status and viability of currently emerging research. To accomplish this, electrochemical methods have been divided into four basic categories. The first two categories (Sect. 2 and 3) represent the relatively mature contribution of electrochemistry to medical diagnostics. Sections four and five deal largely with developments in electrochemistry which have not yet achieved commercialization, but which have the greatest likelihood of future success. There are, of course, some minor areas of research which have been intentionally omitted because of space limitations. Much of this work can be found in the references provided in the text. 

In early 1983, Bioanalytical Systems introduced a new class of integrated processor-driven instrumentation based on a concept first developed by Faulkner and his co-workers [1] at the University of Illinois. This unit (Figs. 6.22 and 6.23) has evolved over the years and now includes a repertoire of some 35 electrochemical techniques, including the most popular large-amplitude (Chap. 3) and small-amplitude (Chap. 5) controlled-potential methods. The unit also is capable of determining electrocapillary curves and can automatically measure and compensate for solution resistance (R in Fig. 6.5). Thus in a single instrument it is possible to utilize virtually all of the diagnostic criteria introduced in Chapters 3 and 5 and also to explore quickly which technique is optimum for... 

A number of research groups have presented segmented cell approaches and combined them with electrochemical methods, e.g., EIS and MRED (MEA resistance and electrode diffusion). These diagnostic approaches provide direct information on not just the... 

The development of assay techniques that have convenience of solid-phase hybridization and are rapid and sensitive will have a significant impact on diagnostics and genomics [3]. In this respect, SPE genosensors have several advantages they are safe because they are disposable, they are reproducible, they are inexpensive, and the overall procedure is quite fast. In this respect, electrochemical adsorption (adsorption controlled by a positive potential) is an easy to perform and rapid way of immobilization. The method does not require special reagents or nucleic acid modifications. 

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