Electro-spinning technique

Coaxial PMMA/PANI composite nanofibers have also been fabricated using the electro-spinning technique and an in situ polymerization method and were then transferred to the surface of a gold interdigitated electrode to constmct a gas sensor (Figure 4.22) [102]. It was... 

Sundarrajan, S. Murugan, R. Narr, A. S. Ramakrishna, S. Fabrication of P3HT/ PCBM solar cloth by electro spinning technique. Mater. Lett., 2010, 64, 2369-2372. 

Rapoport HS, Fish J, Basu J, Campbell J, Genheimer C, Payne R, et al. Construction of a tubular scaffold that mimics J-shaped stress/strain mechanics using an innovative electro spinning technique. Tissue Eng C 2012 18 567-74. 

Wu N, Cao Q, Wang X, Li X, Deng H (2011) A novel high-performance gel polymer electrolyte membrane basing on electro spinning technique for lithium rechargeable batteries. J Power Sources 196(20) 8638-8643. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.04.062... 

Kidoaki, S., Kwon, II. K., Matsuda, T. Mesoscopic spatial designs of nano- and microfiber meshes for tissue-engineering matrix and scaffold based on newly devised multilayering and mixing electro spinning techniques . Biomaterials, 2005, 26, 37-46. 

Materials characterization techniques, ie, atomic and molecular identification and analysis, are discussed in articles the tides of which, for the most part, are descriptive of the analytical method. For example, both infrared (ir) and near infrared analysis (nira) are described in Infrared and raman SPECTROSCOPY. Nudear magnetic resonance (nmr) and electron spin resonance (esr) are discussed in Magnetic spin resonance. Ultraviolet (uv) and visible (vis), absorption and emission, as well as Raman spectroscopy, circular dichroism (cd), etc are discussed in Spectroscopy (see also Chemh.itmtnescence Electro-analytical technique Immunoassay ZvIass spectrometry Microscopy Microwave technology. Plasma technology and X-ray technology). 

Physicochemical properties of carbon materials are investigated by means of various spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared (IR), X-ray photoelectron pCPS), electro spin resonance (ESR), or Raman spectroscopy (RS). These techniques provide very useful qualitative information about the carbon surfaces. A detailed discussion of the procedures and instruments used in these techniques is outside the scope of this chapter a brief overview is presented, to highlight the importance of the use of spectroscopic techniques to illustrate the carbon surface functionalities and to compare the results that arise from a consortium of methods. 

Using appropriate anhydrous processing techniques, which prevent the hydrolysis of the active ester end groups, then allows for the manufacture of biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering.Further commonly used processing techniques for the overall class of poly(a-hydroxy esters) include electro-spinning for the manufacture of fibers and emulsion/solvent... 

Figure 3.2 Illustration of sol-gel process of preparing nanocoating via three different coating techniques dip coating, spin coating, and electro spinning.

Different technologies such as lithography, inkjet printing, soft micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMs) techniques, electro-spinning and sol-gel have already been investigated (Zampetti et al., 2009 Starke et al., 2011 Oprea et al., 2007 Virtanen et al., 2011). These technologies enable the production of miniaturized... 

Puppi, D., Piras, A., Chiellini, R, et al., 2011. Optimized electro- and wet-spinning techniques for the production of polymeric fibrous scaffolds loaded with bisphosphonate and hydroxyapatite. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 5, 253-263. 

Hu J, Wang X, Ding B, Lin J, Yu J, Sun G (2011) One-step electro-spinning/netting technique for controUably preparing polyurethane nano-fiber/net. Macromol Rapid Commun 32(21) 1729-1734. doi 10.1002/marc.201100343... 

Seema Agarwal et al., a clear advocate of emulsion and suspension electro-spinning, coined the technique as green electrospinning as it uses no hazardous solvent and is a promising option to clean and safe electrospinning [60]. The main differences between the three major electrospinning techniques are summarized in Table 11.1. 

Many alternative techniques, both qualitative and quantitative, have been investigated either for screening purposes or as primary methods. Such techniques include atomic absorption spectrophotometry, molecular luminescence, electron spin resonance spectrometry, X-ray analysis methods, and electro analytical methods. Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) is the technique that has almost completely replaced NAA. 

Several polymer/polyelectrolyte-nanocrystal hybrid devices have been fabricated seeking to exploit the electro and photoluminescent properties of such material [179-188]. Device fabrication in all these cases is by low-cost self-assembly based techniques. These devices utilize thin films of these hybrids obtained either by multilayer deposition or drop/spin casting methods. Thus, solar cells have been made from poly(2-hexylthiophene)-CdSe nanorod multilayers, lasers from drop cast films of CdSe-titania composites and an infrared emitter from multilayers... 

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