Electrical and electronics products industries

Includes paints and poHshes, antiknock and other compounds, soldering and/or welding, electrical and electronic products, mechanical products, magnetic tape, small packages, industrial diamonds, and drilling mud. 

About 2.47 million kg of silver are lost each year to the domestic biosphere, mostly (82%) as a result of human activities. As discussed later, the photography industry accounts for about 47% of all silver discharged into the environment from anthropogenic sources. In 1990, about 50% of the refined silver consumed domestically was used to manufacture photographic products 25% in electrical and electronic products 10% in electroplated ware, sterlingware, and jewelry 5% in brazing alloys and 10% in other products and processes. 

Major applications are primarily in electrical and electronic products, auto parts, industrial products, and appliances. 

PBT are used in many types of products such as appliances, automobiles (louvers, under-the-hood electricals, mechanical parts, etc.), electrical and electronic parts, industrial components, consumer items, and so on. 

In the case of green chemistry, and more especially chemical substitution, a number of policy instruments are relevant. The traditional approach is to ban certain toxic chemicals in order to induce substitution efforts. Such bans are usually preceded by examples of successful substitutions, as it is controversial to ban chemicals when no alternatives exist at reasonable cost. Otherwise, industry is often granted generous phase-in periods, in order to develop substitutes. A third way is to grant derogations when it is hard or very costly to develop substitutes. The latter approach has been applied in the context of the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (Directive 2002/95/EC), which bans six substances in electrical and electronic products. A slightly less interventionist approach is to put restrictions on uses of certain chemicals. Other administrative approaches include the ban of chemicals, or restrictions in use, in individual operations when these apply for permits. 

Copper is used extensively for its high thermal and electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. In the United States, the most predominant of thousands of copper and copper alloy applications include building construction (largely sheet, tube, building wire, and hardware), 45 percent electrical and electronic products, 26 percent transportation equipment, 9 percent industrial machinery and equipment, 10 percent and consumer products, 10 percent, see also Electrochemistry. 

Casting. Epoxy, polysulfide, polyester, polyurethane, and silicone A-stage liquids can be poured into a mold, cured, and removed from the mold as finished products. Typical products are simulated wood frames, figurines, and furniture decoration electrical and electronic products and solid polyurethane rubber tires for industrial equipment. 

Great Lakes has estimated the total flame retarded polymer sold in 2003 at 1.67 M tonnes worldwide. Three-quarters of this was destined for electrical and electronic products, including cable, while 24% was sold to the building and construction industry (i.e., 400,000 tonnes) and 1% went into transport applications. The amoimt of flame retardant polymer compound used in internal electrical components was estimated at 450,000 t/y, and 31% of this was thought to use polyamide. Altogether 14,000 tonnes of FR additive were used in polyamides, and 15,000 tonnes were incorporated into thermoplastic (saturated) polyesters. The majority of FRs used in PET and PBT polyesters are either brominated carbonate oligomers or brominated epoxy oligomers, while the majority of FRs used in polyamides are either brominated or polybrominated polystyrenes. 

MCPs find many applications in housing and construction, sporting goods, vehicles, electrical and electronic products, chemical and biochemical applications, and the textile and apparel industry. They can be used in siding, pipes, electrical wire, automotive seats and other parts, airplane parts, filters, shoe soles, office... 

The development of electric power for energy generation and transportation has largely contributed to the widespread use of copper. About 75% of copper is, at the present time, used for electrical and electronic products, including power generation, power transmission and telecommunications. In these applications, refined copper with a copper content of more than 99.95% is used. For other purposes, such as industrial machinery and consumer products, unrefined metal with 99.8% copper can be used. Its electrical conductivity is somewhat reduced. 

Due to the rapid introduction of new products and models, the physical reliability life of a product (particularly in consumer-oriented markets) is often different from the market life of the product. The reutilization and repurposing of components and subassemblies through multiple product life cycles is a key enabler to proactively, intelligently, and economically manage the total environmental life cycle of electrical and electronic products (Ref 27). Such an approach will require accurate reliability degradation assessment of the components and sub-assemblies at the end of each product life cycle, and reliability life prediction for the next product life cycle. It is believed that such capabilities towards a comprehensive and integrated solution to the total environmental life cycle of electronics products will provide competitive advantages for players in the industry worldwide. 

The radiation-treated cables find wide applications in control instmmentation of nuclear power reactors, particle accelerators, aviation, and telephone equipments. Usually PE and PVC are radiation cross-linked for production of such cables. The heat shrinkable foils are widely used in packaging, electrical and electronic industries. The radiation cross-linked PE possesses the property of elastic memory which is utilized to produce heat shrinkable products. 

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